The Essence of Nature and Dialectical Naturalism

In this paper, we examine how nature is defined and perceived and address the conflict between constructivism and essentialism. By exploring modern perspectives on the concept of nature that stem from the field of social sciences, we will review the analysis of Murray Bookchin’s dialectical naturalism regarding the very essence of nature. We argue that dialectical naturalism offers a dynamic developmental concept of nature that goes beyond the context of constructivism and supports that the truth of nature can be conceived

Flame spray deposition of nanocrystalline dense Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ thin films : deposition mechanism and microstructural characterization

Nanocrystalline dense sub-micron thin films of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ have been successfully deposited by flame spray deposition. The deposition mechanism has been identified as droplet deposition. The deposition temperature of the substrate was as low as 200°C and the deposition rate ~30 nm/min. Under these conditions the droplets have a very limited residence time in the hot zone of the flame and are deposited as liquid, forming smooth films free of particles. They exhibited a dense and crack-free microstructure. Grain growth, lattice constant, crystallographic density and surface roughness have been investigated as a function of annealing temperature. The good quality of the films, in association with the high deposition rates at low deposition temperatures shows the preeminence of the flame spray method for depositing thin films for micro-solid oxide fuel cells

Flame spray deposition of nanocrystalline dense Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ thin films : deposition mechanism and microstructural characterization

Nanocrystalline dense sub-micron thin films of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ have been successfully deposited by flame spray deposition. The deposition mechanism has been identified as droplet deposition. The deposition temperature of the substrate was as low as 200°C and the deposition rate ~30 nm/min. Under these conditions the droplets have a very limited residence time in the hot zone of the flame and are deposited as liquid, forming smooth films free of particles. They exhibited a dense and crack-free microstructure. Grain growth, lattice constant, crystallographic density and surface roughness have been investigated as a function of annealing temperature. The good quality of the films, in association with the high deposition rates at low deposition temperatures shows the preeminence of the flame spray method for depositing thin films for micro-solid oxide fuel cells

Flame spray deposition of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ thin films: microstructural characterization, electrochemical performance and degradation

Thin films of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ (LSC) were deposited by flame spray deposition at a deposition temperature of 200 °C. The as-deposited LSC films were dense, particle-free and amorphous. Upon annealing above 600°C, the films crystallized into the rhombohedral perovskite LSC phase. For isothermal annealing at higher temperatures parabolic grain growth kinetics occur in parallel to densification of the thin films. Electrochemical measurements on symmetrical cells with LSC films on CGO pellets showed lowest area specific resistance (ASR) of 0.96 Ω cm2 at 600 °C for films of 38 nm in grain size annealed at 700°C. Degradation of the ASR of the LSC films of 3.9% was found after 5 days operation at 550°C in ambient air

Flame spray deposition of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ thin films: microstructural characterization, electrochemical performance and degradation

Thin films of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ (LSC) were deposited by flame spray deposition at a deposition temperature of 200 °C. The as-deposited LSC films were dense, particle-free and amorphous. Upon annealing above 600°C, the films crystallized into the rhombohedral perovskite LSC phase. For isothermal annealing at higher temperatures parabolic grain growth kinetics occur in parallel to densification of the thin films. Electrochemical measurements on symmetrical cells with LSC films on CGO pellets showed lowest area specific resistance (ASR) of 0.96 Ω cm2 at 600 °C for films of 38 nm in grain size annealed at 700°C. Degradation of the ASR of the LSC films of 3.9% was found after 5 days operation at 550°C in ambient air