Negligible risk of inducing resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with single-dose rifampicin as post-exposure prophylaxis for leprosy

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for leprosy is administered as one single dose of rifampicin (SDR) to the contacts of newly diagnosed leprosy patients. SDR reduces the risk of developing leprosy among contacts by around 60 % in the first 2-3 years after receiving SDR. In countries where SDR is currently being implemented under routine programme conditions in defined areas, questions were raised by health authorities and professional bodies about the possible risk of inducing rifampicin resistance among the M. tuberculosis strains circulating in these areas. This issue has not been addressed in scientific literature to date. To produce an authoritative consensus statement about the risk that SDR would induce rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, a meeting was convened with tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy experts. The experts carefully reviewed and discussed the available evidence regarding the mechanisms and risk factors for the development of (multi) drug-resistance in M. tuberculosis with a view to the special situation of the use of SDR as PEP for leprosy. They concluded that SDR given to contacts of leprosy patients, in the absence of symptoms of active TB, poses a negligible risk of generating resistance in M. tuberculosis in individuals and at the population level. Thus, the benefits of SDR prophylaxis in reducing the risk of developing leprosy in contacts of new leprosy patients far outweigh the risks of generating drug resistance in M. tuberculosis

Alterations in bovine skeletal muscle desmin and the cytoskeleton induced by temperature and electrical stimulation

Alterations in the myofibrillar integrating cytoskeleton and its constituent protein, desmin, were assessed in bovine skeletal muscle at 1, 24 and 168 hours of postmortem storage. Changes assessed over post-mortem storage in muscle subjected to usual (control) storage conditions (2(DEGREES)C) were compared to changes in tissue subjected to either of two conditions known to increase meat tenderness, i.e. high temperature (25(DEGREES)C) storage or electrical stimulation. Quantities of desmin extractable at the selected intervals were determined in part by densitometric scanning of the desmin band in polyacrylamide tube gels of desmin-enriched fractions. Alterations in the protein were assessed with immunoautoradiographic slab gel labelling of selected protein fractions generated during the desmin-enriching protocol with monospecific anti-desmin antibodies. Results indicate that accelerated solubilization from the cytoskeleton and subsequent breakdown of desmin occur in both storage regimes associated with accelerated tenderization of bovine skeletal muscle. High temperature promotes tenderization by favoring conditions more acceptable to proteolysis, while electrical stimulation accelerates tenderization by combined physical disruption of muscle ultrastructure and activation of muscle proteases. A highly insoluble 22,000 dalton polypeptide, not related to any myofibrillar proteins with known Z line location, appeared in desmin-enriched extracts concurrent to the breakdown of desmin in muscle stored under conditions of all three experimental regimes;Desmin was shown by immunofluorescent labelling of bovine skeletal myofibrils to be a part of a filamentous cytoskeletal network interconnecting myofibrils at the level of the Z line. The location of this cytoskeleton was not altered over 168 hours of storage in any of the experimental regimes;The arrangement of desmin into cytoskeletal filaments of 100 (ANGSTROM) diameter was unequivocally demonstrated in bovine skeletal muscle for the first time with immunoelectron microscope labelling of skeletal muscle myofibrils. These filaments had diameters that were similar to those formed from purified bovine desmin in vitro under suitable conditions of pH and ionic strength

Variability of High risk HPV Genotypes among HIV Infected Women in Mwanza, Tanzania- The Need for Evaluation of Current Vaccine Effectiveness in Developing Countries.

High risk (HR) human papilloma Virus (HPV) genotypes have been associated with cervical cancer. In Tanzania there is a limited data on the epidemiology of HPV and genotypes distribution among HIV infected women. Here we document varieties of HPV genotypes associated with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) among HIV- infected women at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza-Tanzania. A cross sectional hospital based study involving HIV infected women was conducted between August and October, 2014. Exfoliated cells from ectocervix and endocervix were collected using cytobrush. HPV genotypes were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing using specific primers targeting broad range of HPV types. Cytology was done to establish squamous intraepithelial lesions. Log binomial regression analysis was done to establish risk ratios (RR) associated with HPV infection using STATA version 11. A total of 255 HIV infected women with mean age 39.2 ± 9.1 years were enrolled in the study. HPV DNA was detected in 138/255 (54.1 %, 95 % CI: 47-60) of HIV infected women. Twenty six genotypes were detected in various combinations; of these 17(65.3 %) were of HR genotypes. HR genotypes were detected in 124(48.6 %) of HIV infected women. Common HR genotypes detected were HPV-52(26), HPV-58(21), HPV-35(20) and HPV-16(14). The risk of being HPV positive was significantly higher among women with CD4 counts <100 (RR: 1.20, 95 % CI: 1.05-1.35, P = 0.006) and women with SIL (RR: 1.37, 95 % CI: 1.11-1.68, P = 0.005). Significant proportion of HIV infected women with low CD4 counts have various grades of cervical SIL associated with varieties of uncommon HR genotypes. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of the current vaccine in preventing cervical cancer in developing countries where HIV is endemic

Penerapan Manajemen Islam pada TK/TPA di Masjid Nurul Amin Kecamatan Bontoramba Kabupaten Jeneponto

Hasil penelitian tentang manajemen pada TK/TPA Masjid Nurul Amin Kecamatan Bontoramba Kabupaten Jeneponto, belum baik karna yang di permasalahkan disini adalah. Persoalan dana, kurangnya motovasi dari orang tua, karna gurunya sibuk kemampuan diri sendiri Dari hasil penelitian kami tentang model pembelajaran TK/TPA DiMasjid Nurul Amin Kecamatan Bontoramba Kabupaten Jeneponto. Model pertama yaitu Model Qira’a adalah perbandingan benda-benda ataukah cenderung kepada benda-benda yang kedua model IQRA 1. Cara penyebutan huruf IQRA 2. Huruf mulai menyambung IQRA 3. Mulai menyambung sampai tiga huruf IQRA 4. Mulai mengenal tanda wakaf IQRA 5. Mulai mengenal panjang pendeknya atau Tajwidnya IQRA 6. Mulai mengenal bacaan sampai 1 Harakat dan 6 Harakat

Socio-spatial violence prevention: Inhibiting violence in Caracas, Venezuela through spatial planning

Contemporary urban growth in many cities in Latin American and Africa has been accompanied by unprece¬dented levels of urban violence. Latin America epitomizes this trend as three of the world’s most dangerous cities, Ciudad Juárez, San Pedro Sula, and Caracas, are located within this region (JÁCOME; GRATIUS, 2011, p. 2). Of these three, Caracas is notable because its exorbitant homicide rate cannot be explicitly attributed to the illicit drug trade-cartel wars that consume Mexico, nor is it represented by the civil conflict-gang violence that afflicts Central America. Moreover, the Venezuelan context is further distinguished as inequality, which is consistently cited as the primary catalyst for the emergence of everyday reactionary violence, is not overtly characteristic of the contemporary situation. Rather, caraqueño insecurity has largely been attributed to the exacerbation of social factors that perpetuate violence as “[…] an end in itself or a [mechanism] to injure/ eliminate another person in order to resolve an interpersonal conflict […]” (SANJUÁN, 2002, p. 95). Based on this reality, this work proposes the inclusion of socio-spatial interventions into contemporary prevention initiatives. Spatial interventions have shown a “[…] significant capacity to prevent the occurrence of violence in areas that are either totally or partially excluded from economic development and larger society […]” (DÍAZ; MELLER, 2012, p. 23). Implications of this work have the capacity to augment predominantly technical vio¬lence prevention precedent and enhance knowledge on alternative mechanisms to prevent insecurity. This study employs a comprehensive literature review in conjunction with data analyses in the development of a spatial proposal for Caracas

Gambaran Perilaku Remaja Terhadap Penyalahgunaan Napzapada Mahasiswa-Mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Indonesia Angkatan 2018 Di Tahun 2018

NAPZA adalah singkatan dari narkotika, psikotropika, dan zat adiktif lainnya. Masalah penyalahgunaan NAPZA merupakan masalah yang kompleks karena baik penyebab maupun akibat yang ditimbulkan dari masalah ini meliputi berbagai aspek yaitu aspek fisik-biologis, psikis, sosial, mental serta spiritual. Kasus penyalahgunaan NAPZA di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun juga terus mengalami kenaikan dimana pada tahun 2008 ada sebanyak 3.3 juta (3.362.527) dengan pravalensi 1,99%, pada tahun 2011 menjadi 4 juta (4.071.016) dengan pravalensi 2,32% dan diprediksikan angka tersebut akan terus mengalami kenaikan pada tahun 2015 menjadi 5,1 juta (5.126.913) dengan pravalensi 2,8% dan diketahui 5,3% di antaranya adalah kalangan pelajar dan mahasiswa.Mengacu pada data tersebut peneliti tertarik untuk mengukur tingkat pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan dari para remaja dalam perilaku penyalahgunaan NAPZA dikalangan remaja. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap mahasiswa-mahasiswi FK UKI angkatan 2018, menggunakan metode survei deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi cross sectional dan instrument penelitian menggunakan kuisioner. Hasil analisis ditemukan tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap terbilang cukup, sedangkan untuk tindakan remaja terhadap perilaku penyalahgunaan NAPZA baik. Meski demikian hal ini perlu mendapatkan perhatian khusus dari berbagai pihak. Kata Kunci : NAPZA, penyalahgunaan, remaja, pengetahuan, sikap, tindakan Drug stands for narcotics, psychotropic, and addictive substances. The problem of drug abuse has a complex impact. Both the causes and consequences of this problem include in various aspects, namely physical-biological, psychological, social, mental and spiritual aspects. Cases of drug abuse in Indonesia from year to year also continue to increase where in 2008 there were 3.3 million (3,362,527) with pravalence 1.99%, in 2011 to 4 million (4,071,016) with pravalence 2.32% and it is predicted that this number will continue to increase in 2015 to 5.1 million (5,126,913) with pretensions of 2.8%. It is known that 5.3% of them are students. Referring to the data, researcher is interested to measuring the level of knowledge, attitudes and actions of adolescents in their behavior of drug abuse. The study was conducted on students of FK UKI batch 2018, using a descriptive survey method with a cross sectional study approach and using questionnaires as the instrument. The results of the analysis found that the level of knowledge and attitudes was sufficient, but the actions of adolescents on the behavior of drug abuse were good. However this case needs special attention from various parties. Key word : NAPZA, drug abuse, adolescents, knowledge, attitude, actio

Sosialisasi Cyber Ethics Dalam Membangun Budaya Literasi Digital di SMK Bina Harapan

The current development of information technology has led to digital interactions which are often known as cyberspace. Cyberspace is a notional environment where communication via computer networks occurs, in this case via the Internet, which can be in the form of text, images, audio, video, animation or anything in digital form. The virtual world now has almost the same intensity as the real world. With recent technological advances making it possible to have more intensity than the real world in the future. This has created new problems in social life, especially among teenagers who are the biggest users of cyberspace. Many bad things happen in teenagers' interactions in cyberspace, such as cyber bullying, or accessing content that is not suitable for teenagers to consume. This certainly cannot be allowed. To be able to overcome this problem, the outreach team carried out cyber ethics outreach activities in building a digital literacy culture. The aim of this service activity is to help increase understanding of cyber ethics among SMK Bina Harapan students. The number of participants in the socialization was 63 students consisting of class X and class XI of SMK Bina Harapan. From this activity, an evaluation was carried out in the form of a post-test using a multiple choice questionnaire via Google Form. The questions are written in essay form consisting of two answers Yes or No. The results of the Google Form questionnaire show that 90% of Bina Harapan Vocational School students understand the cyber ethics socialization material. Thus, it can be concluded that after conducting socialization, it can help increase students' understanding of Bina Harapan Vocational School about the importance of cyber ethics in building a digital literacy culture, so that their digital literacy activities become safer and healthier

Increasing trends in primary NNRTI resistance among newly HIV-1-diagnosed individuals in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Objective: Our objective was to estimate primary resistance in an urban setting in a developing country characterized by high antiretroviral (ARV) coverage over the diagnosed population and also by an important proportion of undiagnosed individuals, in order to determine whether any change in primary resistance occurred in the past five years. Design: We carried out a multi-site resistance surveillance study according to WHO HIV resistance guidelines, using a weighted sampling technique based on annual HIV case reports per site. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 197 drug-naive HIV-1-infected individuals diagnosed between March 2010 and August 2011 at 20 HIV voluntary counselling and testing centres in Buenos Aires. Clinical records of enrolled patients at the time of diagnosis were compiled. Viral load and CD4 counts were performed on all samples. The pol gene was sequenced and the resistance profile determined. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by neighbour-joining (NJ) trees and bootscanning analysis. Results: We found that 12 (7.9%) of the 152 successfully sequenced samples harboured primary resistance mutations, of which K103N and G190A were the most prevalent. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) resistance mutations were largely the most prevalent (5.9%), accounting for 75% of all primary resistance and exhibiting a significant increase (p =0.0072) in prevalence during the past 10 years as compared to our previous study performed in 1997-2000 and in 2003-2005. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and protease inhibitor primary resistance were low and similar to the one previously reported. Conclusions: Levels of primary NNRTI resistance in Buenos Aires appear to be increasing in the context of a sustained ARV coverage and a high proportion of undiagnosed HIV-positive individuals. © 2013 Rodriguez-Rodrigues N et al; licensee International AIDS Society.Fil: Rodriguez Rodrigues, Nahuel Emiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; ArgentinaFil: Duran, Adriana. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Bouzas, Maria Belen. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz; ArgentinaFil: Zapiola, Ines. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz; ArgentinaFil: Vila, Marcelo. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Indyk, Debbie. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Bissio, Emiliano. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Salomon, Horacio Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología; ArgentinaFil: Dilernia, Dario Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentin