Integrated climate change risk assessment:: A practical application for urban flooding during extreme precipitation

Risk assessments of flooding in urban areas during extreme precipitation for use in, for example, decision-making regarding climate adaptation, are surrounded by great uncertainties stemming from climate model projections, methods of downscaling and the assumptions of socioeconomic impact models. The multidisciplinary character of such risk assessments also requires that research groups and experts from different scientific disciplines combine knowledge and share model outputs. This paper describes an integrated framework and tool, the Danish Integrated Assessment System (DIAS), which has been designed to address the complex linkages between the different kinds of data required in assessing climate adaptation. It emphasizes that the availability of spatially explicit data can reduce the overall uncertainty of the risk assessment and assist in identifying key vulnerable assets. The usefulness of such a framework is demonstrated by means of a risk assessment of flooding from extreme precipitation for the city of Odense, Denmark. A sensitivity analysis shows how the presence of particularly important assets, such as cultural and historical heritage, may be addressed in assessing such risks. The output of the risk assessment for Odense indicates that highly detailed geographical data reduce the overall uncertainty and assist climate adaptation decision-makers in focusing on protecting those assets that are considered to be relevant in the given context. Also, using an integrated framework such as DIAS enables the relative importance of the different factors (i.e. degree of climate change, assets value, discount rate etc.) to be determined, thus influencing the overall output of the assessment

Activity of 6-aryl-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-amines to Tetrahymena

A series 6-aryl-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-amines (43 compounds), some of which are epidermal growth 22 factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, were tested for their protozoal toxicity using an environmental Tetrahy- 23 mena strain as model organism. The protozoacidal activity of the analogues was found to be highly 24 dependent on a 4-hydroxyl group at the 6-aryl ring, and a chiral 1-phenylethanamine substituent in posi- 25 tion 4. Further, the potency was affected by the aromatic substitution pattern of the phenylethanamine: 26 the unsubstituted, the meta-fluoro and the para-bromo substituted derivatives had the lowest minimum 27 protozoacidal concentrations (8–16 lg/mL). Surprisingly, both enantiomers were found to have high 28 potency suggesting that this compound class could have several modes of action. No correlation was 29 found between the compounds protozoacidal activity and the in vitro epidermal growth factor receptor 30 tyrosine kinase inhibitory potency. This suggests that the observed antimicrobial effects are related to 31 other targets. Testing towards a panel of kinases indicated several alternative modes of actio