Governing Bodies: How the Organization of Social Groups Shapes Political Ambition.

Nascent ambition is an essential element of democracy that has implications for representation and equality yet we know surprisingly little about who is ambitious and why. I propose a unique framework for understanding nascent ambition, arguing that gender roles and gendered obstacles and opportunities affect its presence in men and women—and that they often do so differently for different social groups. I test this framework using data from the Citizen Participation Study, employing an innovative research design that identifies potential candidates for office and exploits variation across three different social groups—race, class, and religion—in their understandings of women’s roles as mothers and leaders. I then go beyond an examination of roles to analyze the importance of gendered experiences in shaping nascent ambition, focusing on recruitment, participation in single-gendered organizations, and experiencing discrimination. Finally, I look across these social groups to examine how differences between these groups on the dimensions of privilege, narrative, and mutability influence both levels of and ingredients for nascent ambition for the men and women in these groups. I find that both the levels of and the ingredients for nascent ambition vary across groups. My results largely support the roles and experiences framework I propose, revealing that gendered social roles matter more for women’s nascent ambition than men’s. I also find that variations across groups on the dimensions of privilege, narrative, and mutability affect nascent ambition, demonstrating that privilege in particular plays a key role in determining levels of ambition.PHDPolitical ScienceUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113566/1/kfgall_1.pd

Underpaid and Overloaded: Women in Low-Wage Jobs

This report provides a comprehensive look at the women and men in the low-wage workforce, holding down jobs that typically pay $10.10 per hour or less, such as home health aides, child care workers, fast food workers, restaurant servers, maids and cashiers. The report reveals that, although women's educational credentials are better than ever, women are two-thirds of the 20 million workers in low-wage jobs. And, regardless of their education level, age, marital or parental status, race, ethnicity, or national origin, women's shares of the low-wage workforce are larger than those of their male counterparts. Especially striking is the finding that women need a bachelor's degree to avoid being overrepresented in low-wage jobs -- while men only need to finish high school

A contact binary satellite of the asteroid (152830) Dinkinesh

Asteroids with diameters less than about 5 km have complex histories because they are small enough for radiative torques (that is, YORP, short for the Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack effect)1 to be a notable factor in their evolution. (152830) Dinkinesh is a small asteroid orbiting the Sun near the inner edge of the main asteroid belt with a heliocentric semimajor axis of 2.19 au; its S-type spectrum3,4 is typical of bodies in this part of the main belt5. Here we report observations by the Lucy spacecraft as it passed within 431 km of Dinkinesh. Lucy revealed Dinkinesh, which has an effective diameter of only 720 m, to be unexpectedly complex. Of particular note is the presence of a prominent longitudinal trough overlain by a substantial equatorial ridge and the discovery of the first confirmed contact binary satellite, now named (152830) Dinkinesh I Selam. Selam consists of two near-equal-sized lobes with diameters of 210 m and 230 m. It orbits Dinkinesh at a distance of 3.1 km with an orbital period of about 52.7 h and is tidally locked. The dynamical state, angular momentum and geomorphologic observations of the system lead us to infer that the ridge and trough of Dinkinesh are probably the result of mass failure resulting from spin-up by YORP followed by the partial reaccretion of the shed material. Selam probably accreted from material shed by this event

One hundred years of EEG for brain and behaviour research

On the centenary of the first human EEG recording, more than 500 experts reflect on the impact that this discovery has had on our understanding of the brain and behaviour. We document their priorities and call for collective action focusing on validity, democratization and responsibility to realize the potential of EEG in science and society over the next 100 years

Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats

Marine megafauna species are affected by a wide range of anthropogenic threats. To evaluate the risk of such threats, species’ vulnerability to each threat must first be determined. We build on the existing threats classification scheme and ranking system of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species by assessing the vulnerability of 256 marine megafauna species to 23 at‐sea threats. The threats we considered included individual fishing gear types, climate‐change‐related subthreats not previously assessed, and threats associated with coastal impacts and maritime disturbances. Our ratings resulted in 70 species having high vulnerability (v > 0.778 out of 1) to at least 1 threat, primarily drifting longlines, temperature extremes, or fixed gear. These 3 threats were also considered to have the most severe effects (i.e., steepest population declines). Overall, temperature extremes and plastics and other solid waste were rated as affecting the largest proportion of populations. Penguins, pinnipeds, and polar bears had the highest vulnerability to temperature extremes. Bony fishes had the highest vulnerability to drifting longlines and plastics and other solid waste; pelagic cetaceans to 4 maritime disturbance threats; elasmobranchs to 5 fishing threats; and flying birds to drifting longlines and 2 maritime disturbance threats. Sirenians and turtles had the highest vulnerability to at least one threat from all 4 categories. Despite not necessarily having severe effects for most taxonomic groups, temperature extremes were rated among the top threats for all taxa except bony fishes. The vulnerability scores we provide are an important first step in estimating the risk of threats to marine megafauna. Importantly, they help differentiate scope from severity, which is key to identifying threats that should be prioritized for mitigation

Policymaking Principles for Supporting Child and Early Education Through the Coronavirus Crisis

Covers how COVID-19-19 affects child care and early childhood centers, and calls for policymakers to focus on the health, safety, and economic security of educators

Policymaking Principles for Supporting Child and Early Education Through the Coronavirus Crisis

Covers how COVID-19-19 affects child care and early childhood centers, and calls for policymakers to focus on the health, safety, and economic security of educators

One hundred years of EEG for brain and behaviour research

On the centenary of the first human EEG recording, more than 500 experts reflect on the impact that this discovery has had on our understanding of the brain and behaviour. We document their priorities and call for collective action focusing on validity, democratization and responsibility to realize the potential of EEG in science and society over the next 100 years.On the centenary of the first human EEG recording, more than 500 experts reflect on the impact that this discovery has had on our understanding of the brain and behaviour. We document their priorities and call for collective action focusing on validity, democratization and responsibility to realize the potential of EEG in science and society over the next 100 years.A