Amerykańskie szkolnictwo wyższe - cztery kryteria zróżnicowania

Several nations are currently considering ,privatization’ of parts of their higher education systems. This paper, mainly based on the American experience, examines,privatizing’ public institutions as an alternative to establishing solely ,private’ institutions. Institutions are analyzed along four dimensions: (i) ownership (public or private); (2) control (external or internal); (3) financing (public or private founds); and (4) mechanisms for public financing (who controls fund distribution and how). There are varying mixtures along these four dimensions both within countries and around the world, with the American system exhibiting the widest range of combinations. Six categories are described, including four common in the U.S.: „L Independent private”, where institutions are independent in ownership, in control, and in basic financing; „II. Dependent private”, independent in ownership and financing but dependent in control; „III. Independent public”, dependent in ownership but independent in control and substantially independent in financing; „IV. Semi-independent public (state/guild type)’,’, dependent in ownership, mixed in control, and heavily dependent in financing (less common in the U.S., but typical of Italy and Latin America); „V. Semi-independent public (state/trustee/guild type)”, where control is shared among state, academic guilds and lay boards of trustees but with mainly state-controlled financing; and „VI. Dependent public”, the model in the Communist nations. Kerr traces the historical path that led to the mixed American system and examines some of its positive consequences, which include institutional autonomy, diversity, and flexibility. Negative results include possible over-responsiveness to short-term pressures, as from the labor market or student preferences for courses of study, and from supporting bussiness or industry. The author concludes that the American experience with privatized’ public institutions may serve as a model for those elsewhere who now seek greater institutional differentiation, autonomy, and flexibility within national systems of higher education.Szereg państw rozważa obecnie celowość strategii prywatyzacji swoich systemów szkolnictwa wyższego. Au tor opracowania, opierając się głównie na doświadczeniach amerykańskich, analizuje strategię prywatyzacji instytucji publicznych jako alternatywę wobec tworzenia wyłącznie prywatnych szkół. W artykule analizowane są kryteria zróżnicowania opisywanych typów uczelni: i) charakter własności (państwowa - prywatna), 2) typ kontroli (zewnętrzna - wewnętrzna), 3) źródła finansowania (fundusze prywatne - publiczne), 4) mechanizmy publicznego finansowania (kto i w jaki sposób kontroluje rozdział środków). Cztery kryteria stanowią podstawę różnych kombinacji, rozwiązań zarówno w poszczególnych krajach, jak i między nimi, w tym w systemie amerykańskim reprezentującym najbogatszy zakres zróżnicowania. Opisano sześć kategorii uczelni, w tym cztery z nich, powszechnie występujące w U SA. Kerr śledzi historyczny rozwój szkolnictwa, który doprowadził do powstania mieszanego systemu amerykańskiego i bada niektóre jego pozytywne skutki: autonomię instytucjonalną, różnorodność i elastyczność. Negatywne konsekwencje dotyczyć mogą nadmiernej podatności uczelni na krótkotrwałe naciski ze strony rynku pracy i preferencji studentów co do kierunków studiów, biznesu lub przemysłu wspierającego uczelnie. Autor konkluduje, iż amerykańskie doświadczenie „sprywatyzowanych” instytucji publicznych może służyć jako model dla tych krajów, które dążą obecnie do wprowadzenia większego instytucjonalnego zróżnicowania, autonomii i elastyczności własnych systemów szkolnictwa wyższego

FUNDAMENTAL AND INDUCED BIASES IN TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN CENTRAL CANADIAN AGRICULTURE

A new procedure is developed to estimate innovation possibility frontiers and test for biases in technological change. Using data on four inputs (land, machinery, chemicals and labour) from central Canada (Ontario and Quebec) over the period 1926-1985, we find that the innovations possibilities frontier shifts neutrally over time. This is consistent with Ahmad's model of induced innovations, but is not consistent with de Janvry's application of Ahmad's model to the historical development of Argentine agriculture. Agricultural research in Canada has been conducted with the objective of developing cost minimizing technologies. Empirical support was found for this notion in the development of the innovation possibilities frontier.Innovation possibility frontier, technological change, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Pion-Nucleus Scattering at Medium Energies with Densities from Chiral Effective Field Theories

Recently developed chiral effective field theory models provide excellent descriptions of the bulk characteristics of finite nuclei, but have not been tested with other observables. In this work, densities from both relativistic point-coupling models and mean-field meson models are used in the analysis of meson-nucleus scattering at medium energies. Elastic scattering observables for 790 MeV/$c$ $\pi^{\pm}$ on $^{208}$Pb are calculated in a relativistic impulse approximation, using the Kemmer-Duffin-Petiau formalism to calculate the $\pi^{\pm}$ nucleus optical potential.Comment: 9 page

Mega-regional trade Agreements: Costly distractions for developing countries?

This paper examines the relationship between mega-regional trade Agreements and diet-related health given that such Agreements aim to liberalize “substantially all trade and investment” that could potentially impact on health through tariff elimination and stronger intellectual property commitments in partner countries. We analyse two interlinked policy concerns: first, how tariff reduction/elimination under mega-regional Agreements impact on the production of sugar? Second, how mega-regional Agreements with Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)-style and TRIPS-plus commitments modify intellectual property rules among partner countries and impact on developing countries’ access to life-saving drugs and medicines? Using a dynamic Global Trade Analysis Project model, we find there are significant health consequences of trade commitments undertaken by developing countries with potential detrimental health effect on populations such that first, higher production of sugar alters consumption trends. Second, despite stricter intellectual property rules, which result in net global gains, developing countries suffer from the regulatory chill effect

Transient vortex events in the initial value problem for turbulence

A vorticity surge event that could be a paradigm for a wide class of bursting events in turbulence is studied to examine how the energy cascade is established and how this event could serve as a new test of LES turbulence models. This vorticity surge event is tied to the formation of the energy cascade in a direct numerical simulation by the traditional signatures of a turbulent energy cascade such as spectra approaching -5/3 and strongly Beltramized vortex tubes. A coherent mechanism is suggested by the nearly simultaneous development of a maximum of the peak vorticity $\|\omega\|_\infty$, growth of the dissipation, the appearance of a helically aligned local vortex configuration and strong, transient oscillations in the helicity wavenumber spectrum. This coherence is also examined for two LES models, a traditional purely dissipative eddy viscosity model and a modern method (LANS$-\alpha$) that respects the nonlinear transport properties of fluids. Both LES models properly represent the spectral energy and energy dissipation associated with this vorticity surge event. However, only the model that preserves nonlinear fluid transport properties reproduces the helical properties, including Beltrami-like vortex tubes.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figure

Henri Temianka Correspondence; (kerr)

This collection contains material pertaining to the life, career, and activities of Henri Temianka, violin virtuoso, conductor, music teacher, and author. Materials include correspondence, concert programs and flyers, music scores, photographs, and books.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/temianka_correspondence/4032/thumbnail.jp

Henri Temianka Correspondence; (kerr)

This collection contains material pertaining to the life, career, and activities of Henri Temianka, violin virtuoso, conductor, music teacher, and author. Materials include correspondence, concert programs and flyers, music scores, photographs, and books.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/temianka_correspondence/4034/thumbnail.jp