Why didn't scientists predict the earthquakes?

The earthquakes that caused devastation in Haiti on 12 January 2010 and in Chile on 27 February 2010 have reminded us once more of the tremendous destructive power of nature. The magnitude 7 Haiti earthquake is believed to have claimed 230,000 lives; in contrast current estimates of fatalities caused by the magnitude 8.8 Chilean earthquake stand at less than 1,000, even though the earthquake released 500 times the energy of the Haiti event. However, in both countries there has been destruction of homes, businesses and infrastructure on a huge scale, creating a human and economic catastrophe that will take years to recover from

Research support: models and professionalisation

This presentation was given by Mr Simon Kerridge, Secretary of the Association of Research Managers and Administrators (ARMA), at the BRAM-NET Annual Event on the 17th February 2011. The event was organised by Dr Rosa Scoble and hosted at Brunel University. BRAM-NET (The Brunel Research Administrators & Managers Network) is a forum to share best practice and information on new initiatives between colleagues supporting research in the centre and academic areas at Brunel University

Isotopic constraints on the origin of meteoritic organic matter

Salient features of the isotopic distribution of H, C and N in the organic material found in carbonaceous meteorites are noted. Most organic fractions are strongly enriched in D with respect to the D/H ratio characteristic of H2 in the protosolar system; substantial variations in C-13/C-12 ratio are found among different molecular species, with oxidised species tending to be C-13 enriched relative to reduced species; some homologous series reveal systematic decrease in C-13/C-12 with increasing C number; considerable variation in N-15/N-14 ratio is observed within organic matter, though no systematic pattern to its distribution has yet emerged; no interelement correlations have been observed between isotope enrichments for the different biogenic elements. The isotopic complexity echoes the molecular diversity observed in meteoritic organic matter and suggests that the organic matter was formed by multiple processes and/or from multiple sources. However, existence of a few systematic patterns points towards survival of isotopic signatures characteristic of one or more specific processes. The widespread D enrichment implies either survival of many species of interstellar molecule or synthesis from a reservoir containing a significant interstellar component. Several of the questions raised above can be addressed by more detailed determination of the distribution of the H, C and N isotopes among different well-characterized molecular fractions. Thus, the present study is aimed at discovering whether the different amino acids have comparable D enrichments, which would imply local synthesis from a D-enriched reservoir, or very viable D enrichments, which would imply survival of some interstellar amino acids. The same approach is also being applied to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Because the analytical technique employed (secondary ion mass spectrometry) can acquire data for all three isotopic systems from each molecular fraction, any presently obscured interelement isotopic correlation should also be revealed, which will aid in identifying pertinent synthetic processes

Hitting the QR sweet spot: will new REF2021 rules lead to a different kind of game-playing?

Today marks 999 days until the expected deadline for submissions to REF 2021. Universities' preparations are already well under way, with additional guidance published last autumn in the form of new REF rules designed to reduce game-playing behaviours among institutions. However, as Simon Kerridge observes, the rule changes may have introduced, or rather enhanced, some hidden dangers around universities' FTE and impact submissions. Projections in funding allocation demonstrate why submitting institutions might be given pause for thought, with the driver for excluding staff to stay below an impact case study threshold possibly even higher than last time

Quantum behaviour of hydrogen and muonium in vacancy-containing complexes in diamond

Most solid-state electronic structure calculations are based on quantum electrons and classical nuclei. These calculations either omit quantum zero-point motion and tunnelling, or estimate it in an extra step. Such quantum effects are especially significant for light nuclei, such as the proton or its analogue, μ+. We propose a simple approach to including such quantum behaviour, in a form readily integrated with standard electronic structure calculations. This approach is demonstrated for a number of vacancy-containing defect complexes in diamond. Our results suggest that for the NHV- complex, quantum motion of the proton between three equivalent potential energy minima is sufficiently rapid to time-average measurements at X-band frequencies

The Management of Metrics: Globally agreed, unique identifiers for academic staff are a step in the right direction.

The Metric Tide report calls for research managers and administrators to champion the use of responsible metrics within their institutions. Simon Kerridge looks at greater detail at specific institutional actions. Signing up to initiatives such as the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) is a good start. Furthermore, by mandating unique and disambiguated identifiers for academic staff, like ORCID iDs, links between researchers, projects (and outputs) will become more robust

Primordial material in meteorites

Primordial is a term which applied to material that entered the solar system early and became incorporated into a meteorite without totally losing its identity. Identification of such material surviving in meteorites is so far solely through recognition of anomalous isotopic compositions of generally macroscopic entities contained within those meteorites. Isotopic anomalies are, by definition, isotopic compositions which differ from the canonical solar system abundances in ways which cannot be explained in terms of local processes such as mass dependent fractionation, cosmic ray induced spallation or decay of radionuclides. A comprehensive account of isotopic anomalies is impractical here, so it is necessary to be selective. Issues which are potentially addressable through the study of such primordial material are examined. Those issues will be illustrated with specific, but not exhaustive, examples

Campus Based Students’ Perspectives on Strategic Management Simulation: A Contextual Study

Although business simulations are widely used in management education, there is no consensus on optimising their application. Our research explores the use of business simulations as a dimension of a blended learning pedagogic approach for management education. Accepting that few best-practice prescriptive models for the design and implementation of simulations in this context have been presented, and that there is little contemporary empirical evidence for the claims made by proponents of such models, we address the lacuna by considering business student perspectives on the use of simulations. Data was gathered from a source of 487 campus-based students, gathered over a three year period. We then intersect the available data with espoused positive outcomes made by the authors of a prescriptive model. We find the model to be essentially robust and offer evidence to support this position. In so doing we provide one of the few empirically based studies to support claims made by proponents of simulations in management education. We follow with suggestions for further research into the employability outcomes of simulation based training, based on the results of our study. The research should prove valuable for those with an academic interest in the use of simulations, either as a blended learning dimension or as a stand-alone business education activity. Further, the findings contribute to the academic debate surrounding the use and efficacy of simulation-based training within business and management education

Three `species' of Schr\"odinger cat states in an infinite-range spin model

We explore a transverse-field Ising model that exhibits both spontaneous symmetry-breaking and eigenstate thermalization. Within its ferromagnetic phase, the exact eigenstates of the Hamiltonian of any large but finite-sized system are all Schr\"odinger cat states: superpositions of states with `up' and `down' spontaneous magnetization. This model exhibits two dynamical phase transitions {\it within} its ferromagnetic phase: In the lowest-temperature phase the magnetization can macroscopically oscillate between up and down. The relaxation of the magnetization is always overdamped in the remainder of the ferromagnetic phase, which is divided in to phases where the system thermally activates itself {\it over} the barrier between the up and down states, and where it quantum tunnels.Comment: 7 pages, added numerical result

Adoption and scaling out: strategies and experiences of the Forages for Smallholders Project

The Forages for Smallholders Project (FSP), convened by the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), started in 1995 to move research on tropical forages from the experiment stations to farmers’ fields, which created scope for evaluating the potential of improved forages in smallholder farming systems in Asia. The target farming systems were those in upland areas. The FSP now operates in six countries in Southeast Asia through national partners