Influence of Soil of Grape Phylloxera (Phylloxera vitifolia) in some Vineyards in Two Regions Massad and Rhasas in Alsweda Governorate/ Syria, دراسة تأثير خصائص التربة في حشرة فيلوكسيرا العنب الجذرية Phylloxera Vitifolia Fitch في بعض بساتين العنب التجارية في منطقتي مصاد ورساس في محافظة السويداء / سورية

The study was carried out during 2015, in order to evaluate the effect of soil properties in Grape Roots Phylloxera Phylloxera vitifoliae in commercial Grape fields in Al-Suwieda Governorate / Syria (Massad and Rhasas) grafted on B41 and Ruggeri 140 rootstocks. The study showed that phylloxera vitifoliae caused significant damage to the grape vine planted in a soil with high content of clay, negative correlation between the percentage of organic matter and the average population density, and a positive correlation with the death rate for different stages of the insect in two study sites were found. A negative correlation between soil pH and the severity of the infection were found, the pH levels ranged between 5-7.8 within study sites. Tumors number raised with increasing of caly and humus in the soil. There were a negative effect of sand and carbonate content in the infection severity. The infection severity closely linked to the availability of nutrients, particularly phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper and zinc, the study showed that the decrease or increase in the amount of potassium, magnesium, especially at the lower soil layers increases the severity of the insect. نفذت الدراسة خلال عام 2015 بهدف تقييم تأثير خصائص التربة في حشرة فيلوكسيرا العنب الجذرية في بساتين الكرمة التجارية في محافظة السويداء السورية (مصاد ورساس) المطعمة على الأصلين B41 وروجري 140. بينت الدراسة أن حشرة فيلوكسيرا العنب تسبب أضرار كبيرة للكرمة المزروعة في التربة ذات المحتوى الطيني المرتفع، ووجد ارتباط سالب بين النسبة المئوية للمادة العضوية ومتوسط الكثافة العددية وارتباط موجب مع نسبة الموت لأطوار الحشرة المختلفة في موقعي الدراسة، كما وجد ارتباط سالب بين درجة حموضة التربة وشدة الإصابة بالحشرة، وتراوحت درجة الحموضة في موقعي الدراسة بين 5 و7.8، وازداد عدد التدرنات بارتفاع محتوى التربة من الطين والدبال، وكان لمحتوى التربة من الرمل والكربونات تأثير سلبي في شدة الإصابة بالحشرة، كما ارتبطت شدة الإصابة ارتباطا وثيقا بتوفر العناصر الغذائية، ولا سيما الفوسفور والبوتاسيوم والمغنيزيوم والنحاس والزنك، وبينت الدراسة أن انخفاض أو زيادة كمية البوتاسيوم والمغنيزيوم، ولا سيما في طبقات التربة السفلى يزيد من شدة الإصابة بحشرة فيلوكسيرا العنب

Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E5 Protein as a Therapeutic Target

Cervical cancer is a progressive disease with an onset of one to two decades on average. During the productive replication stage, the Human papillomavirus (HPV) genome is maintained episomally in the infected cervical epithelium and early gene products, including E5, are expressed. Therefore, E5 has a potential to contribute to the HPV-associated carcinogenic process. In invasive malignancies, the HPV genomes are commonly integrated into the host genome, and E6 and E7 genes remain intact. However, the E5 is lost or, if present, under-expressed as compared with the E6 and E7 proteins. This suggests that E5 may play a critical role in the genesis of cervical cancer but less of a role in its persistence or progression. In the initiation of neoplasia and the premalignant stage, there are fewer malignant cells than in the invasive malignancies. Moreover, cells in the invasive malignant stage are found to have a very low level of MHC class I and II, which could hamper the presentation of the antigen and lead to a decreased immune response. Since the E5 protein is likely to play a role during the early tumorigenesis stage, a therapeutic vaccine to target and eliminate the E5-expressing cells may be a good strategy to prevent premalignant lesions from progressing toward invasive cervical cancers. This paper provides an overview of HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis and strategies for designing prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines to prevent and cure the cervical cancer. In particular, focus will be on the rationale of targeting the E5 protein to develop therapeutic vaccines

Beta-HPV E6 Contributes To Skin Cancer by Hindering DNA Repair

<div><p>Recent work has explored a putative role for the E6 protein from some β-human papillomavirus genus (β-HPVs) in the development of non-melanoma skin cancers, specifically β-HPV 5 and 8 E6. Because these viruses are not required for tumor maintenance, they are hypothesized to act as co-factors that enhance the mutagenic capacity of UV-exposure by disrupting the repair of the resulting DNA damage. Supporting this proposal, we have previously demonstrated that UV damage signaling is hindered by β-HPV 5 and 8 E6 resulting in an increase in both thymine dimers and UV-induced double strand breaks (DSBs). Here we show that β-HPV 5 and 8 E6 further disrupt the repair of these DSBs and provide a mechanism for this attenuation. By binding and destabilizing a histone acetyltransferase, p300, β-HPV 5 and 8 E6 reduce the enrichment of the transcription factor at the promoter of two genes critical to the homology dependent repair of DSBs (BRCA1 and BRCA2). The resulting diminished BRCA1/2 transcription not only leads to lower protein levels but also curtails the ability of these proteins to form repair foci at DSBs. Using a GFP-based reporter, we confirm that this reduced foci formation leads to significantly diminished homology dependent repair of DSBs. By deleting the p300 binding domain of β-HPV 8 E6, we demonstrate that the loss of robust repair is dependent on viral-mediated degradation of p300 and confirm this observation using a combination of p300 mutants that are β-HPV 8 E6 destabilization resistant and p300 knock-out cells. In conclusion, this work establishes an expanded ability of β-HPV 5 and 8 E6 to attenuate UV damage repair, thus adding further support to the hypothesis that β-HPV infections play a role in skin cancer development by increasing the oncogenic potential of UV exposure.</p></div

Surrogate endpoint biomarkers for cervical cancer chemoprevention trials

Cervical intraepithelia neoplasia (CIN) represents a spectrum of epithelial changes that provide an excellent model for developing chemopreventive interventions for cervical cancer. Possible drug effect surrogate endpoint biomarkers are dependent on the agent under investigation. Published and preliminary clinical reports suggest retinoids and carotenoids are effective chemopreventive agents for CIN. Determination of plasma and tissue pharmacology of these agents and their metabolites could serve as drug effect intermediate endpoints. In addition, retinoic acid receptors could serve as both drug and biological effect intermediate endpoints. Possible biological effect surrogate endpoint biomarkers include cytomorphological parameters, proliferation markers, genomic markers, regulatory markers, and differentiation. Given the demonstrated causality of human papillomavirus (HPV) for cervical cancer, establishing the relationship to HPV will be an essential component of any biological intermediate endpoint biomarker. The pathologic effect surrogate endpoint biomarker for cervical cancer is CIN, used clinically for years. The desired effect for chemopreventive trials is complete regression or prevention of progression. In planning chemopreventive trials, investigators need to consider spontaneous regression rates, the subjective nature of detecting CIN, and the impact of biopsy on regression. If intermediate endpoint biomarkers that met the above criteria were available for cervical cancer, then new chemopreventive agents could be rapidly explored. The efficacy of these new agents could be determined with a moderate number of subjects exposed to minimal risk over an acceptable amount of time. The impacts on health care for women would be significant.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/38459/1/240590915_ftp.pd

Current trends in the etiology and diagnosis of HPV-related head and neck cancers

Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is a major risk factor for a distinct subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The current review summarizes the epidemiology of HNSCC and the disease burden, the infectious cycle of HPV, the roles of viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, and the downstream cellular events that lead to malignant transformation. Current techniques for the clinical diagnosis of HPV-associated HNSCC will also be discussed, that is, the detection of HPV DNA, RNA, and the HPV surrogate marker, p16 in tumor tissues, as well as HPV-specific antibodies in serum. Such methods do not allow for the early detection of HPV-associated HNSCC and most cases are at an advanced stage upon diagnosis. Novel noninvasive approaches using oral fluid, a clinically relevant biological fluid, allow for the detection of HPV and cellular alterations in infected cells, which may aid in the early detection and HPV-typing of HNSCC tumors. Noninvasive diagnostic methods will enable early detection and intervention, leading to a significant reduction in mortality and morbidity associated with HNSCC

Lutas Periféricas na Pandemia

Conjunto de imagens realizadas durante os meses de junho e julho de 2020, retrato de parte de inúmeras lutas ocorridas desde o início da pandemia no Brasil visto a intensificação dos mecanismos da necropolítica contra o povo periférico.</jats:p

Gestion intégrée et multi-échelles des systèmes répartis : Architecture et canevas intergiciel orientés composants

Tiny devices, smart objects, home gateways, sensor networks, have become an integral part of our everyday life and of our socio-economic ecosystem. Managing e ciently such environments is just as important as the devices themselves. However, new management challenges such as management in di erent scales (multi-scale), heterogeneity management or extreme managed resources distribution make this task endishly complex. Together, these challenges result in a new management complexity that breaks current paradigms based on ad-hoc or centralized and rigid monolithic management applications. Traditional management systems, that are mainly ad-hoc or centralized, reach their limits in such complex management contexts. This PhD work aimes to bring some responses to overcome these di culties by proposing a new management approch based combining advanced software engineering techniques, component based systems, middlewares, and network management systems concepts. Our proposal breaks with current management paradigms mainly related to quite rigid and monolithic systems. To validate our approach, we have developed DASIMA framework (Domain-based Architecture for Scalable Integrated MAnagement middleware). DASIMA middleware framework, implements a new management approach combining domain-based and architecturebased management. It was implemented as a fully component-based management middleware intended to scale-up and down according to the number and the distribution of managed resources. DASIMA has been experimented with a real industrial application in the Machine to Machine (M2M) context. Our experiments were done in reuced context (local network) and large scale deployement context (GRID 5000) and they con rmed the interest of developing adaptable middleware to manage networked systems in multi-scale contexts.Les deux dernières décennies ont été marquées par un essor remarquable de l'informatique répartie (réseaux pair à pair, grilles de calcul, informatique pervasive, etc.) et des services de télécommunication. Désormais, les nouvelles technologies de l'information et de télécommunication font partie intégrante du quotidien des entreprises et des particuliers. Malgré ces avancées technologiques, les systèmes informatiques restent souvent vulnérables, menacés de pannes, de dysfonctionnements et d'utilisation anarchique ou intempestive des leurs ressources. De plus, les systèmes informatiques deviennent de plus en plus complexes, et entraînent une complexité de leur gestion. Cette vulnérabilit é et complexité sont fortement ampli ées par l'extension géographique des réseaux et des systèmes informatiques, leur hétérogénéité et l'intégration toujours plus importante de l'informatique et des télécommunications. Dans ce contexte, les outils d'administration sont devenus un instrument incontournable de plani cation, d'organisation et de gestion des systèmes informatiques dans leur ensemble. Ils sont même devenus aussi importants que les systèmes administrés eux-mêmes. Toutefois, malgré la multitude des acteurs concernés par la problématique d'administration (éditeurs, constructeurs, organismes de standardisation, etc.) ces systèmes présentent souvent des limitations sur le plan technologique et architectural. D'où le besoin de développer de nouvelles approches et d'explorer de nouvelles technologies mieux adaptées aux dé s d'échelles et d'hétérogénéité des ressources administrées. Cette thèse s'inscrit au c÷ur de cette problématique d'administration. Elle aborde la question d'administration intégrée dans des contextes multi-échelles. A n de répondre à cette question, nous nous appuyons sur une approche pluridisciplinaire : architecture logicielle à base de composants, middleware, systèmes et approches d'administration réseaux. Ainsi, nous proposons une approche d'administration multi-échelles basée sur le concept de Domaine d'administration, et orientée par l'architecture des syst èmes administrés. Pour la validation de l'approche nous proposons le canevas Dasima, un canevas d'administration à base de composants logiciels dotée d'une double exibilité (architecturale et comportementale) et d'une capacité à d'auto-introspection. Ces proprié- tés le distinguent des systèmes d'administration existants et favorisent une administration plus souple dans des contextes multi-échelles. Dans le cadre de la validation de notre approche, le canevas Dasima a été mis en ÷uvre pour l'administration d'une application M2M d'Orange. Plusieurs expérimentations à di érentes échelles, géographiques et numériques, ont été menées sur la plateforme expé- rimentale Grid5000 a n de valider la capacité de passage à l'échelle de l'approche proposée