A Model for Developing of Surveillance, Prevention and Control the COVID-19 and Protection of People's Rights in a New Normal Way by a Virtual Community of Primary Health Care Service Network, Mahasarakham Province, Thailand

Epidemic disease is extremely dangerous for humanity; coronavirus 2019 is another epidemic that has caused great damage to the nation. Every country tries to prevent, treat and resolve to overcome an epidemic situation like this. Therefore, this study aims to (1) Study the success elements of surveillance, prevention, and control of COVID-19 systems and protect citizens' rights in a new normal, (2) Analyze conditional factors that influence the success of surveillance, prevention, and control of COVID-19 and protection of citizens' rights. Ans (3) Developing a model for the development of surveillance, prevention, and control of COVID-19 and protect the rights of people in a new way by the virtual community of primary health service networks. This research method was Mixed Methods Research which was held at Mahasarakham Province, Thailand, and was divided into 3 phases; The first: Application of the Future Search Conference (FSC) technique to study the surveillance, prevention, and control of COVID-19 and protect the rights of people at the provincial, district, and sub-district levels, divided into 2 groups as follows (1) 60 the coach lecturer, and (2) 690 virtual community members in the provincial area,The content is then analyzed for theoretical conclusions

The Pharmacognostic Standards, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities, and Hepatic Safety Profile of An Indonesian Antidiabetic Polyherbal Formulation

The excessive oxidative processes and the lack of cellular antioxidative mechanisms are significantly observed in diabetes. In addition, long-term medication required for the treatment might harm the hepatic tissues. This study evaluated the selected pharmacognostic characters, antioxidant activities, total phenolic content, and the hepatic safety of a polyherbal formulation containing seven plant constituents used by Klinik Wisata Kesehatan Jamu Kalibakung, Tegal, Indonesia, to treat diabetes patients. The pharmacognostic properties of the formulation were characterized according to the WHO quality control methods for herbal materials. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH RSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total phenolic content (TPC) were evaluated as per the standard method. The effect of formulation on the hepatic HepG2 cells was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. The pharmacognostic properties of the formulation specified as follow: foreign matters (1.32±0.05%), loss on drying (11.50±0.07%), total ash (5.68±0.07%), acid-insoluble ash (0.94±0.04%), water-soluble extractable (18.22±0.60%), and ethanol-soluble extractable (16.90±0.77%). The ethanol extract showed a superior DPPH RSA (960.70±2.58 mM Trolox equivalent (TE)/ g dry weight (DW)), FRAP (1112.69±8.39 mM TE/g DW), and TPC (1768.40±32.40 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW) over its water counterpart. However, the water extract was safer for HepG2 cells than the ethanol one, with the IC50 values of 218.25±14.03 and 40.24±3.53 µg/ml, respectively. This study set the pharmacognostic standards for an antidiabetic polyherbal formulation with excellent antioxidant activities, in which its traditional use as a decoction was safe for the hepatic cells

Barriers and recommended interventions to prevent melioidosis in Northeast Thailand: a focus group study using the behaviour change wheel

Melioidosis, an often fatal infectious disease in Northeast Thailand, is caused by skin inoculation, inhalation or ingestion of the environmental bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. The major underlying risk factor for melioidosis is diabetes mellitus. Recommendations for melioidosis prevention include using protective gear such as rubber boots and gloves when in direct contact with soil and environmental water, and consuming bottled or boiled water. Only a small proportion of people follow such recommendations.Nine focus group discussions were conducted to evaluate barriers to adopting recommended preventive behaviours. A total of 76 diabetic patients from northeast Thailand participated in focus group sessions. Barriers to adopting the recommended preventive behaviours and future intervention strategies were identified using two frameworks: the Theoretical Domains Framework and the Behaviour Change Wheel.Barriers were identified in the following five domains: (i) knowledge, (ii) beliefs about consequences, (iii) intention and goals, (iv) environmental context and resources, and (v) social influence. Of 76 participants, 72 (95%) had never heard of melioidosis. Most participants saw no harm in not adopting recommended preventive behaviours, and perceived rubber boots and gloves to be hot and uncomfortable while working in muddy rice fields. Participants reported that they normally followed the behaviour of friends, family and their community, the majority of whom did not wear boots while working in rice fields and did not boil water before drinking. Eight intervention functions were identified as relevant for the intervention: (i) education, (ii) persuasion, (iii) incentivisation, (iv) coercion, (v) modeling, (vi) environmental restructuring, (vii) training, and (viii) enablement. Participants noted that input from role models in the form of physicians, diabetic clinics, friends and families, and from the government via mass media would be required for them to change their behaviours.There are numerous barriers to the adoption of behaviours recommended for melioidosis prevention. We recommend that a multifaceted intervention at community and government level is required to achieve the desired behaviour changes

Atypical Avian Influenza (H5N1)

We report the first case of avian influenza in a patient with fever and diarrhea but no respiratory symptoms. Avian influenza should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly if they have a history of exposure to poultry

Apoptosis and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Humans

Apoptosis may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia and lymphopenia caused by this virus in humans

Public awareness of melioidosis in Thailand and potential use of video clips as educational tools.

Melioidosis causes more than 1,000 deaths in Thailand each year. Infection occurs via inoculation, ingestion or inhalation of the causative organism (Burkholderia pseuodmallei) present in soil and water. Here, we evaluated public awareness of melioidosis using a combination of population-based questionnaire, a public engagement campaign to obtain video clips made by the public, and viewpoints on these video clips as potential educational tools about the disease and its prevention

A Comparison of Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Fatal Human Infections with H5N1 and Human Influenza Viruses in Thailand, 2004–2006

BACKGROUND: The National Avian Influenza Surveillance (NAIS) system detected human H5N1 cases in Thailand from 2004-2006. Using NAIS data, we identified risk factors for death among H5N1 cases and described differences between H5N1 and human (seasonal) influenza cases. METHODS AND FINDINGS: NAIS identified 11,641 suspect H5N1 cases (e.g. persons with fever and respiratory symptoms or pneumonia, and exposure to sick or dead poultry). All suspect H5N1 cases were tested with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for influenza A(H5N1) and human influenza viruses. NAIS detected 25 H5N1 and 2074 human influenza cases; 17 (68%) and 22 (1%) were fatal, respectively. We collected detailed information from medical records on all H5N1 cases, all fatal human influenza cases, and a sampled subset of 230 hospitalized non-fatal human influenza cases drawn from provinces with ≥1 H5N1 case or human influenza fatality. Fatal versus non-fatal H5N1 cases were more likely to present with low white blood cell (p = 0.05), lymphocyte (p<0.02), and platelet counts (p<0.01); have elevated liver enzymes (p = 0.05); and progress to circulatory (p<0.001) and respiratory failure (p<0.001). There were no differences in age, medical conditions, or antiviral treatment between fatal and non-fatal H5N1 cases. Compared to a sample of human influenza cases, all H5N1 cases had direct exposure to sick or dead birds (60% vs. 100%, p<0.05). Fatal H5N1 and fatal human influenza cases were similar clinically except that fatal H5N1 cases more commonly: had fever (p<0.001), vomiting (p<0.01), low white blood cell counts (p<0.01), received oseltamivir (71% vs. 23%, p<.001), but less often had ≥1 chronic medical conditions (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of diagnostic testing during an influenza A(H5N1) epizootic, a few epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings might provide clues to help target H5N1 control efforts. Severe human influenza and H5N1 cases were clinically similar, and both would benefit from early antiviral treatment