Quantum-chemical Calculations of the Adsorption of CO on the Metal Oxide Clusters

The geometric, energetic, spectral and electronic properties of the most stable clusters of the aluminum, nickel and copper oxides with the adsorbed CO molecule have been studied using Density Functional Theory. The obtained results showed the better adsorption properties of nickel oxide clusters. According to the obtained results, the adsorption activity of the examined clusters decreases in the following order: NiO > Al[2]O[3] > CuO. The stronger interaction between active centers of the nickel oxide clusters and CO molecule is attributed to the higher charge transfer from the adsorbate to the surface in comparison with other clusters. The optimal position for CO interaction with the metal oxide surfaces and the appropriate optimal M-CO and C-O bond distances are presented

Problem training at literary reading lessons in elementary school

Статья посвящена вопросам общекультурного, личностного и познавательного развития младших школьников на уроках литературного чтения посредством использования элементов технологии проблемного обучения. Обобщены теоретические аспекты проблемного обучения, перечислены этапы проблемного обучения. Обосновывается необходимость использования на уроках литературного чтения приемов и средств проблемного обучения. Рассматриваются аспекты организации проблемных ситуаций как особого вида умственного взаимодействия педагога и обучающихся, при котором требуется обнаружение или открытие новых, ранее неизвестных младшим школьникам литературоведческих знаний или способов деятельности. Представлены основные способы создания проблемных ситуаций, способствующие развитию у младших школьников навыков познавательной активности, помогающие формированию у них умения творчески решать учебные задачи, стимулирующие интерес к чтению произведений художественной литературы и фольклора, направленные на формирование читательской компетентности младших школьников.The article is devoted to the issues of general cultural, personal and cognitive development of junior schoolchildren at literary reading lessons through the use of elements of technology of problem training. The theoretical aspects of problem training are generalized, the stages of problem training are listed. The necessity of using methods and means of problem-based training for literary reading lessons is substantiated. The aspects of the organization of problem situations as a special kind of mental interaction between the teacher and students are considered, in which the discovery or discovery of new literary knowledge or methods of activity unknown to younger students is required. The main ways of creating problem situations that contribute to the development of skills of cognitive activity in younger schoolchildren, helping them to form their ability to creatively solve learning problems that stimulate interest in reading works of fiction and folklore aimed at forming the reader competence of junior schoolchildren are presented

Design and synthesis of lipid-mimetic cationic iridium complexes and their liposomal formulation for in vitro and in vivo application in luminescent bioimaging

Two iridium [Ir(NC)(2)(NN)](+) complexes with the diimine NN ligand containing a long polymethylene hydrophobic chain were synthesized and characterized by using NMR and ESI mass-spectrometry: NN - 2-(1-hexadecyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine, NC - methyl-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylate (Ir1) and 2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (Ir2). These complexes were used to prepare the luminescent PEGylated DPPC liposomes (DPPC/DSPE-PEG2000/Ir-complex = 95/4.5/1 mol%) using a thin film hydration method. The narrowly dispersed liposomes had diameters of about 110 nm. The photophysics of the complexes and labeled liposomes were carefully studied. Ir1 and Ir2 give red emission (lambda(em) = 667 and 605 nm) with a lifetime in the microsecond domain and quantum yields of 4.8% and 10.0% in degassed solution. Incorporation of the complexes into the liposome lipid bilayer results in shielding of the emitters from interaction with molecular oxygen and partial suppression of excited state nonradiative relaxation due to the effect of the relatively rigid bilayer matrix. Delivery of labeled liposomes to the cultured ARPE-19 cells demonstrated the usefulness of Ir1 and Ir2 in cellular imaging. Labeled liposomes were then injected intravitreally into rat eyes and imaged successfully with optical coherence tomography and funduscopy. In conclusion, iridium complexes enabled the successful labeling and imaging of liposomes in cells and animals.Peer reviewe

УМЕНЬШЕНИЕ СЛУЧАЙНОЙ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩЕЙ ПОГРЕШНОСТИ КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННЫХ ГАЗОХРОМАТОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЙ СПОСОБОМ ВНЕШНЕГО СТАНДАРТА ЗА СЧЕТ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ СИГНАЛА РАСТВОРИТЕЛЯ

Uncertainties of the results of quantitative determinations in gas chromatography using the methods based on the absolute peak areas (including the external standard method) are rather “sensitive” to the reproducibility of injections. The effective way to compensate for such errors is to introduce the additional standards into the samples, followed by replacing the absolute peak areas by their ratios to peak areas of the standards. It is important to underline that any constituents of the samples can be used as additional standards, including the solvents. Solvents can be used for these purposes even if the heights of their peaks are restric­ted when the analytical signals exceed the amplifier limits. Using the relative peak areas does not require any extra sample processing besides the registration of peak areas for solvents. Comparing the commonly known and modified methods of external stan­dard demonstrates that using the relative peak areas instead of the absolute ones does not influence the overall precision of determinations (according to the criterion “intro­duced-determined”) but improve the reproducibility by 2-3 times. The problem of increasing the reliability of such statistical evaluations of results is discussed and to solve it, it is proposed to change the “design” of the experiments. Instead of series of successive analyses of similar origin samples, the use of parallel determinations is preferable. This can be realized, for example, during the fulfillment of student’s practical works.Keywords: quantitative chromatographic analysis, external standard, solvent as an additional standard, decreasing the uncertainty of quantificationDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2022.26.2.005Igor G. Zenkevich, Sofia V. Byvsheva, Artur I, Gerasimov, Sergei V. Gladnev, Michael V. Grigoriev, Nina V. Gubina, Egor A. Didenko, Alexander S. Kazantsev, Tatiana D. Kalutskaia, Elena V. Katernuk, Alla A. Koblova, Danil V. Krutin, Kseniya P. Malkova, Svetlana A, Metliaeva, Valeria S. Odegova, Daria S. Smirnova, Valeri A. Spivakovskyi, Pavel V. Terno St. Petersburg State University, Institute for Chemistry,Universitetskii prosp., 26, St. Petersburg 198504, Russian FederationПогрешности результатов количественных газохроматографических опре­де­лений способами, предполагающими использование абсолютных площадей хроматографических пиков, в том числе внешнего стандарта, «чувстви­тельны» к воспроизводимости дозирования проб. Эф­фек­тивным приемом ком­пен­сации таких погрешностей является введение в анализируемые образцы до­полнитель­ных стандартов и замена абсолютных площадей пиков их отношени­ями к пло­щадям пиков стандартов. Важно, что в качестве дополнительных ста­н­дартов мо­ж­но использовать любые компоненты образцов, в том числе входя­щие в их со­с­тав растворители.  В модифицированном варианте количе­ст­вен­ного анализа спо­собом внеш­не­го стандарта растворитель можно использовать, даже если его пи­ки регистри­ру­ются в «усеченном» виде в результате ограничения выходных сиг­на­лов усили­те­ля. Использование относительных площадей пиков не требует никаких до­по­л­нительных операций с образцами, кроме регистрации площадей пиков раст­во­рителя. Сравнение обычного и модифицированного вариантов способа внешне­го стандарта показывает, что за­ме­на абсолютных значений площадей пиков от­но­шениями площадей пиков целе­во­го аналита и растворителя не влияет на ха­рактеристики точности опреде­лений по критерию «введено-найдено», но уме­ньшает случайную соста­в­­ля­ю­щую погрешности оп­ре­делений в 2–3 раза. Обсуждается проблема повышения достоверности подобных статисти­чес­ких оценок, для чего представляется це­ле­со­образным изменение «дизайна» экс­пе­риментальных операций. Вместо последова­те­льных анализов однотипных об­разцов предпочтительнее использовать параллель­ные определения, что мож­но достичь, например, при выполнении практических ра­бот сту­дентами.Ключевые слова: количественный газохроматографический анализ, способ внеш­него стандарта, растворитель как дополнительный стандарт, уменьшение случайной составляющей погрешностей определенийDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2022.26.2.00

Decreasing the uncertainty of gas chromatographic quantification using the solvent’s signal in the method of external standard

Погрешности результатов количественных газохроматографических определений способами, предполагающими использование абсолютных площадей хроматографических пиков, в том числе внешнего стандарта, «чувствительны» к воспроизводимости дозирования проб. Эффективным приемом компенсации таких погрешностей является введение в анализируемые образцы дополнительных стандартов и замена абсолютных площадей пиков их отношениями к площадям пиков стандартов. Важно, что в качестве дополнительных стандартов можно использовать любые компоненты образцов, в том числе входящие в их состав растворители. В модифицированном варианте количественного анализа способом внешнего стандарта растворитель можно использовать, даже если его пики регистрируются в «усеченном» виде в результате ограничения выходных сигналов усилителя. Использование относительных площадей пиков не требует никаких дополнительных операций с образцами, кроме регистрации площадей пиков растворителя. Сравнение обычного и модифицированного вариантов способа внешнего стандарта показывает, что замена абсолютных значений площадей пиков отношениями площадей пиков целевого аналита и растворителя не влияет на характеристики точности определений по критерию «введено-найдено», но уменьшает случайную составляющую погрешности определений в 2-3 раза. Обсуждается проблема повышения достоверности подобных статистических оценок, для чего представляется целесообразным изменение «дизайна» экспериментальных операций. Вместо последовательных анализов однотипных образцов предпочтительнее использовать параллельные определения, что можно достичь, например, при выполнении практических работ студентами.Uncertainties of the results of quantitative determinations in gas chromatography using the methods based on the absolute peak areas (including the external standard method) are rather “sensitive” to the reproducibility of injections. The effective way to compensate for such errors is to introduce the additional standards into the samples, followed by replacing the absolute peak areas by their ratios to peak areas of the standards. It is important to underline that any constituents of the samples can be used as additional standards, including the solvents. Solvents can be used for these purposes even if the heights of their peaks are restricted when the analytical signals exceed the amplifier limits. Using the relative peak areas does not require any extra sample processing besides the registration of peak areas for solvents. Comparing the commonly known and modified methods of external standard demonstrates that using the relative peak areas instead of the absolute ones does not influence the overall precision of determinations (according to the criterion “introduced-determined”) but improve the reproducibility by 2-3 times. The problem of increasing the reliability of such statistical evaluations of results is discussed and to solve it, it is proposed to change the “design” of the experiments. Instead of series of successive analyses of similar origin samples, the use of parallel determinations is preferable. This can be realized, for example, during the fulfillment of student’s practical works.Студенческая практическая работа, результаты которой составили предмет настоящего сообщения, выполнена с использованием оборудования Ресурсного Центра «Методы анализа состава вещества» Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета. Авторы благодарят сотрудников Центра за содействие.The students’ work, the results of which are discussed in this paper, was carried out using the equipment of the “Methods of analysis of substance’s composition” Resource Centre at St. Petersburg State University. The authors are grateful to the staff of this Center for their assistance

Quantum-chemical Calculations of the Adsorption of CO on the Metal Oxide Clusters

The geometric, energetic, spectral and electronic properties of the most stable clusters of the aluminum, nickel and copper oxides with the adsorbed CO molecule have been studied using Density Functional Theory. The obtained results showed the better adsorption properties of nickel oxide clusters. According to the obtained results, the adsorption activity of the examined clusters decreases in the following order: NiO > Al[2]O[3] > CuO. The stronger interaction between active centers of the nickel oxide clusters and CO molecule is attributed to the higher charge transfer from the adsorbate to the surface in comparison with other clusters. The optimal position for CO interaction with the metal oxide surfaces and the appropriate optimal M-CO and C-O bond distances are presented

Integration problems of Lithuanian immigrants' children in Norway

Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimas 1990 m. atvėrė sienas gyventojų emigracijai. Įvairios priežastys priverčia lietuvius palikti tėvynę ir ieškoti laimės svetur. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiamos į Norvegiją išvykusių lietuvių šeimų, ypač jų vaikų, integracijos problemos svetimoje šalyje. Mokslinės literatūros analizė atskleidė įvairias žmonių migracijos priežastis (geresnės materialinės sąlygos, profesijos prestižas, karjeros galimybės) ir problemas (kalbos nemokėjimas, įstatymų nežinojimas, psichologinis diskomfortas), su kuriomis susiduria į emigracijos šalis atvykę imigrantai. Mūsų straipsnyje šie terminai (emigrantai / imigrantai) naudojami kaip sinonimai (lietuviai Norvegijoje – imigrantai, lietuviai, išvykę iš Lietuvos – emigrantai). Pusiau struktūruoto interviu metodu ištirtos lietuvių emigrantų šeimų ir vaikų integravimosi į Norvegijos visuomenę patirtys atskleidė, jog integracijos pradžioje susidurta su kalbos barjeru, neigiamu požiūriu į juos, nežinojimu, kaip veikia socialinė sistema. Šių problemų galima būtų išvengti, pasistengus greitai išmokti norvegų kalbą, pasinaudojus vietinių bendruomenių pagalba, aktyviai bendraujant ir bendradarbiaujant su ugdymo įstaigomis, dalyvaujant visuomeniniame gyvenime ir priimant tam tikrų valstybės socialinės sistemos institucijų pagalbą.The regaining of Lithuania’s independence has broadly opened its borders to emigration of compatriots. Various reasons make Lithuanians leave their homeland and look for happiness abroad. Recently, more and more people are discussing about Lithuanian families’ immigration to Scandinavian countries, and in particular to Norway. Therefore, the problem of this article is based on the notion, that the families of Lithuanian emigrants and their children who are in a foreign country, in a foreign social environment, must adapt and integrate. However the problems they face require not only help of family members and other relatives, but also state intervention and assistance which is not is always effective or insufficiently implemented to provide full benefits to immigrants. On the other hand, it can be assumed that immigrants are not sufficiently interested to get the benefits from the assistance and services that those institutions can provide. Therefore, this study examined the main problems of the integration of Lithuanian immigrant children in Norway and what actions of Lithuanian immigrants are leading to successful integration of their children. Experiences of the study of the integration of Lithuanian emigrant families and children in Norway revealed that at the beginning of integration, despite immigration positivity’s (a better education system, better perspectives for the future of children), problems such as language barriers, negative attitudes towards them, ignorance of the functioning of the social system are encountered. These problems could be avoided by the need to learn the Norwegian language quickly, using relatives, friends and neighbors and local communities, actively communicating and cooperating with educational institutions, participation in public life and the support of certain state social institutions

LIETUVIŲ IMIGRANTŲ VAIKŲ INTEGRACIJOS PROBLEMOS NORVEGIJOJE [INTEGRATION PROBLEMS OF LITHUANIAN IMMIGRANTS' CHILDREN IN NORWAY]

The regaining of Lithuania’s independence has broadly opened its borders to emigration of compatriots. Various reasons make Lithuanians leave their homeland and look for happiness abroad. Recently, more and more people are discussing about Lithuanian families’ immigration to Scandinavian countries, and in particular to Norway. Therefore, the problem of this article is based on the notion, that the families of Lithuanian emigrants and their children who are in a foreign country, in a foreign social environment, must adapt and integrate. However the problems they face require not only help of family members and other relatives, but also state intervention and assistance which is not is always effective or insufficiently implemented to provide full benefits to immigrants. On the other hand, it can be assumed that immigrants are not sufficiently interested to get the benefits from the assistance and services that those institutions can provide. Therefore, this study examined the main problems of the integration of Lithuanian immigrant children in Norway and what actions of Lithuanian immigrants are leading to successful integration of their children. Experiences of the study of the integration of Lithuanian emigrant families and children in Norway revealed that at the beginning of integration, despite immigration positivity’s (a better education system, better perspectives for the future of children), problems such as language barriers, negative attitudes towards them, ignorance of the functioning of the social system are encountered. These problems could be avoided by the need to learn the Norwegian language quickly, using relatives, friends and neighbors and local communities, actively communicating and cooperating with educational institutions, participation in public life and the support of certain state social institutions. Keywords: emigration / immigration, immigrants, integration problems, help for immigrants.</jats:p