Józef Maroszek, Tagowiska wiejskie w Koronie Polskiej w drugiej połowie XVII i w XVIII wieku, Białystok 1990, Dział Wydawnictw Filii UW (seria „Rozprawy Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego"), ss. 262, 18 tabel, aneks, bibliografia, 2 mapy.

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Understanding Reform: The Case of Poland

This report reviews the reform process in Poland in the period 1989-2001, from the formation of the first non-Communist government to the defeat of right-wing forces in the 2001 parliamentary elections and the formation of a governing left-wing coalition of social democrats and the peasants’ party (both of them with roots in the Communist era). It reconstructs the sequence of reforms, assesses their relative successes, and focuses on the problem of the stagnation of the reform process at the end of the 1990s.Poland, reform, transition

Intra-Provincial Inequalities and Economic Growth in China

This paper approaches the problem of inequalities in China. It is specifically focused on analyzing the effects of intra-provincial disparities on provincial economic development. Rising inequalities have been widely discussed in the literature on the examples of fast growing developing countries like Brazil, India. However, each of these countries existed in a different socio-political context. Should and is anything done to contain the rising inequalities? This is something the world is struggling now not only with respect to the Chinese case. In the broadest sense, there seem to be two kinds of answers. One, more “European”, or “social/Christian/democratic” is that too much inequality is morally hard to accept and also bad for social cohesion. Another, more neo-liberal or “American” says that while much should be done to alleviate poverty, economic inequality is not a reason for concern, that it is inevitable (reflecting varying endowments of individuals) and in some way also positive as motivating for work and innovation. Inequalities, as measured by Theil index, seem to be positively related to growth. However, a more profound analysis suggests highly diversified patterns, which suggests many conclusions about actual policy-making standards in China.inequality, economic growth, Theil index, China

Median nerve conduction impairment in patients with diabetes and its impact on patients’ perception of health condition: a quantitative study

INTRODUCTION: Impaired mobility and compromised manual dexterity leading to difficulties with the activities of daily living (ADL) are an inherent part of the clinical picture in diabetes. Hand function in diabetes is influenced by a variety of pathologies: the median nerve, the most important nerve of the hand, can suffer from metabolic disturbances, ischemia and/or entrapment neuropathies. The resulting deterioration in functional capacity is likely to have significant consequences for the ability to perform ADL, influencing adjustment to diabetes and affecting quality of life. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of hand function as measured by median motor nerve conduction on quality of life, taking into account various aspects of functioning in patients with diabetes, including activities of daily living, psychological status and acceptance of illness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy one hospital patients with diabetes participated in the study. Electrophysiological recordings of conductance in the median nerve were obtained for both hands and the relationship between hand function and functional status (BI), depression and anxiety (HADS), adjustment to illness (AIS) and their effect on quality of life (SF-36v2 and QLI) was studied. RESULTS: Damage to the median nerve of the left hand was associated with significant differences in functioning in the physical, but not the mental component of the SF-36v2, p = 0.03 and in functional status (p = 0.006). QOL was associated with depression, patient age, acceptance of illness, functional ability and to a small, but significant extent with median nerve damage to the right hand on the measure of conduction velocities (R2 =0.726). CONCLUSIONS: Nerve conductance studies demonstrated a small, but significant effect of hand function on quality of life. Impairment of the median nerve in the left hand was associated with functional difficulties in the activities of daily living and a diminished quality of life in the area of physical functioning. No dependencies of this kind were found for the right hand, which may reflect the greater compensatory capacity of the right hand resulting from improved efficiency due to practice

Silence in Market Reaction to Annual Reports

Research problem - The literature suggests that the market either does not react or reacts with a delay to the content of annual reports, concerning notion given their importance for investment decisions due to the value relevance of the information they convey. According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, the market should exhibit a prompt reaction to their release. Rationale - This study aims to uncover the underlying reasons for investors\u27 lack of response to annual report filings. It predicts that the reaction depends, among other factors, on the release of preliminary disclosures of financial results, the method of distribution of annual reports and the length of an annual disclosure. The study examines the market reaction to FTSE100 companies\u27 annual reports from 2006 to 2016. It also considers investor response to preliminary statements of annual. Specifically, it investigates whether investors react more promptly to preliminary disclosures compared to the more detailed annual reports, and how the absence of such preliminary reports might shift attention and reaction time to the information content of annual reports. Furthermore, the study examines changes in the market reaction associated with the shift from a paper-based submission system to the electronic National Storage Mechanism (NSM). This comparison aims to assess whether technological advancements in the dissemination method of corporate disclosure have improved market efficiency and accelerated investors’ response time. Lastly, the study investigates the effect of report length on the market, specifically looking at whether the market reacts differently to lengthier reports compared to those that are more concise. Research methods - To test the efficiency of market reactions, the researcher employs a short-run event study methodology to assess the impact of filings of annual reports on companies’ returns. The study determines whether the filing events captured abnormal returns compared to what would be expected if no filings occurred. If such abnormal returns are observed, it is concluded that the event impacted the companies\u27 returns and that the market reacted efficiently to these filings. The event study, applied to all five enquiries, is followed by further tests on the impact of lengthy reporting on the market reaction using regression analysis. This additional analysis allows for the validation of findings by accounting for time, industry trends, and companies\u27 specific characteristics. The model is tested for potential statistical issues, including non-stationarity, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity and endogeneity, to ensure the reliability and consistency of the coefficient estimates. Main results - The study\u27s results are mixed. It reveals no immediate abnormal reaction to the information content of annual reports. In contrast, the market shows a strong response to preliminary statements of annual reports. Additionally, contrary to the prediction, there is no evidence of the market responding to the content of annual reports in the absence of preliminary statements. Regarding dissemination methods, an abnormal price change is noted, but only in the first year following the National Storage Mechanism (NSM) adoption. Lastly, the study finds evidence supporting the impact of reporting length; investors tend to discount lengthy annual reports while reacting positively to more succinct ones. Conclusion - The study’s findings challenge the Efficient Market Hypothesis by showing a lack of market reactions to the information content of annual reports. This suggests that policies should emphasise the importance of report readability and simplicity to prompt quicker and more efficient investor responses. Specifically, the market tends to react negatively to lengthy reports, while succinct reports cause a positive response, indicating a policy need for guiding companies towards more concise reporting, including setting standards for report length. In the final section, the study points out the potential of artificial intelligence AI and machine learning in improving market efficiency by condensing reports, processing complex information effectively and analysing underlying sentiments and patterns in financial reporting, which can be important for detecting anomalies or obfuscation. This can aid in developing more informed and timely trading strategies, especially when the market underreacts or reacts with a delay to new information. Overall, the study advocates for policy changes that promote report clarity, technological advancement for better access to corporate disclosures and the use of AI to enhance market efficiency and investor protection

Technologia eye-trackingowa jako art medium i narzędzie interwencji klinicznej w arteterapii dziecka z niepełnosprawnością sprzężoną

The dynamically developing eye-tracking technology is more and more often used in the diagnosis and therapy of children with multiple disabilities for whom sight is the only communication channel. The aim of the article is to show how eye-tracking technology becomes an art medium and can be used as an optimal tool of clinical intervention in art therapy for children with multiple disabilities. The author conducted several-month-long action research in the form of art therapy sessions for twenty-few children with multiple disabilities. She found that the use of eye-tracking as an assistive technology tool (EGAT) in art therapy enables participants to be relatively autonomous and independent in their creative activity. This allows them to express their emotions and reveal their abilities. Eye-tracking introduces a positive change in the well-being and quality of life of children participating in the research. Therefore, contemporary art therapists working with children with multiple disabilities should not limit themselves to traditional art therapy classes focused on strictly sensory experiences, but look for innovative tools and software that will allow children to actively and creatively engage in art therapy.Rozwijająca się dynamicznie technologia eye- trackingowa jest coraz częściej stosowana w diagnozie i terapii dzieci ze sprzężoną niepełnosprawnością, dla których jedynym kanałem komunikacyjnym jest wzrok. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie, w jaki sposób technologia eye‐trackingowa staje się art medium imoże być używana jako optymalne narzędzie interwencji klinicznej w arteterapii dzieci ze sprzężonąniepełnosprawnością. Autorka przeprowadziła kilkumiesięczne badania w działaniu mające formę sesji arterapeutycznych dla kilkudziesięciu dzieci ze sprzężoną niepełnosprawnością. Ustaliła, że wykorzystanie w arteterapii eye‐trackingu jako narzędzia technologii wspomagającej (EGAT) umożliwia uczestnikom relatywnie niezależne i samodzielne działania twórcze. Dzięki temu mogą oni wyrażać swoje emocje i ujawniać swoje umiejętności. Eye‐tracking wprowadza korzystną zmianę w samopoczuciu i jakości życia badanych. Dlatego współcześni arteterapeuci pracujący z dziećmi zesprzężoną niepełnosprawnością nie powinni się ograniczać do tradycyjnych zajęć arteterapeutycznychukierunkowanych na doświadczenia stricte sensoryczne, lecz szukać innowacyjnych narzędzi ioprogramowań, które pozwolą dzieciom na aktywne i twórcze zaangażowanie się w arteterapię

Eye-tracking w diagnozie, terapii i edukacji dzieci z niepełnosprawnością sprzężoną. Zarys problematyki

The aim of the article is to present the possibility of using eye-tracking in the education of non-speaking children with multiple disabilities. The author uses the analysis of the existing data from the perspective of her own therapeutic experience in the use of eye-tracking in work with preschool children with multiple disabilities. In the text, she first presents the principle of eye-tracking, and then she shows its use in marketing, cartography, IT, as well as learning techniques. She indicates eye-tracking as a potential tool for communication with non-speaking children and for their education. In the following part, she presents Polish devices that use eye-tracking technology in diagnostic, therapeutic and educational activities. The research shows that eye-tracking can change the lives of children for whom the only communication channel is sight, because it offers them new forms of spending free time, learning and communicating with the environment. In addition, eye-tracking technology can and must be used to re-diagnose children with multiple disabilities in whom psychological and pedagogical counselling centres – using traditional testing techniques – have recognised profound intellectual disability.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości wykorzystania eye-trackingu w szeroko pojmowanej edukacji dziecka niemówiącego ze sprzężoną niepełnosprawnością. Autorka posłużyła się analizą danych zastanych dokonaną z perspektywy własnego doświadczenia terapeutycznego w stosowaniu eye-trackingu w pracy z dziećmi w wieku przedszkolnym z niepełnosprawnością sprzężoną. W tekście przedstawiła najpierw zasadę działania eye-trackingu, a następnie ukazała jego wykorzystanie w badaniach z zakresu marketingu, kartografii, informatyki, jak również technik uczenia się. Następnie wskazała na eye-tracking jako potencjalne narzędzie do komunikacji z dziećmi niemówiącymi oraz do ich edukacji. W dalszej części zaprezentowała polskie urządzenia wykorzystujące technologię eye-trackingu w działaniach diagnostycznych, terapeutycznych i edukacyjnych. Z badań wynika, iż eye-tracking może odmienić życie dzieci, dla których jedynym kanałem komunikacyjnym jest wzrok, ponieważ oferuje im nowe formy spędzania wolnego czasu, uczenia się i komunikowania z otoczeniem. Ponadto technologię eye-trackingową można i trzeba wykorzystać do ponownej diagnozy dzieci ze sprzężoną niepełnosprawnością, u których poradnie psychologiczno-pedagogiczne posługujące się tradycyjnymi metodami rozpoznały głęboki stopień niepełnosprawności intelektualnej