Effects of Probiotic (Lactobacillus spp) Mixed with Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta) on Growth Performances and Meat Quality of Cherry Valley Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that had been used in poultry industry as alternative sources for antibiotic. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic mixed with cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta) on Cherry Valley Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Lactobacillus spp. was used in this experiment to see its effectiveness in enhancing quality of cassava leaves as potential feed towards optimum growth performance of ducks like body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics and meat quality. 34 tails of Cherry Valley ducks aged 14 days with average weight of 500 g were randomly assigned to four treatments in triplicates. Treatments for the 35 days feeding trial were T1 at 0% probiotic + 75% commercial diet + 25% cassava leaves (control), T2 (0.15% probiotic + 75% commercial diet + 25% cassava leaves), T3 (0.30% probiotic + 75% commercial diet + 25% cassava leaves) and T4 (0.45% probiotic + 75% commercial diet + 25% cassava leaves) respectively. Proximate analysis was also conducted to determine nutritional content like protein, lipid, moisture, ash and fiber. Results show that supplementation of probiotic at 0.15% Lactobacillus spp. into 25% of cassava leaves and 75% commercial pellet gave highest body weight gain (BWG), low feed conversion ratio (FCR), highest carcass yield and good meat quality. It can be concluded that inclusion of probiotic at 0.15% in cassava leaves as duck’s diet gives good growth performance and may become an alternative super diet for duck in future

マダイの成長と品質に及ぼす飼料中植物油の影響

鹿児島大学博士(水産学)Doctor of Philosophy in Fisheries Science博士論文全文, 博士論文要旨連合農学研究科博士論文(水産学) ; 学位取得日: 平成20年9月19日Dietary lipid source is an important factor for growth, physiology and muscle quality of fish. However, efficacy of vegetable oil such as soybean or palm oil as replacement of fish oil is unclear. The present study demonstrated the effect of vegetable oils on growth performance, physiology and muscle quality of red sea bream Pagrus major by the following experiments. 1. Changes of physico-chemical properties of muscle during storage in wild and cultured red sea bream were compared for 48 hr. K-value at 48 hr was significantly higher in cultured than that in wild fish. Deterioration rate of muscle was faster in cultured than wild fish in terms of muscle pH. Rheological analysis indicated textures of wild fish were harder than those of cultured fish. Sensory scores of dorsal muscle were similar between wild and cultured fish. These results suggested quality changes in wild and cultured fish were similar within 48 hr after slaughter. 2. Effects of dietary palm oil (P) and soya oil (S) as replacement of fish oil on growth performance were investigated. Test diets with different ratios of fish oil (F) and palm oil or soya oil (ratio of F: P or S= 10:0, 8:2, 6:4 and 4:6) were fed to juvenile red sea bream for 50 days. Growth performance and fatty acid compositions of test fish were determined after feeding trial. Results suggested that both palm oil and soya oil could be replaced at 40% of fish oil in diet. 3. A 50-days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of combination of palm oil (P) with oxidized fish oil (Ox) on growth and oxidative stress status, with different ratios of dietary P and OF. Growth performances were not different in fish fed diet with Ox6F4P (60% oxidized fish oil to 40% palm oil), and suggested palm oil could be replaced 40% of oxidized fish oil. 4. Further investigated effects of using suggested ratio of palm (40% replacement) and soya oil (40% replacement) for fish oil on physico-chemical properties and sensory analysis in fish. Results showed that there were significant differences among treatments on pH and k-value. However, sensory analysis showed that there was no significant differences among treatments and suggested that same muscle quality is held within 24h after slaughter both in palm and soya oil treatments. These experiments clarified dietary vegetable lipid sources such as soybean or palm oil can be used for diet of red sea bream without quality loss of muscle, and suggested that replacement level for fish oil is around 40%.thesi

Comparative Growth Performances of Saanen Does in Traditional Wooden and Aluminium Galvanized Iron Housing System

Growth performance can be used as indicator to utilize the general adaptability of the farm animal in the housing system. This study was done to evaluate the impact of traditional wooden and aluminium galvanized iron houses on growth performance of Saanen does for a period of three months. Twelve, aged nine to twelve months old Saanen does with average weight 24.6 ± 1.2 kg was randomly were assigned to each housing types (n = 6 per group). Live weights were recorded weekly, and total weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) were analysed using non-parametric tests. The results revealed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in weekly weight gain or average daily gain (ADG) between the two housing types. However, the traditional wooden house (weekly weight gain: 0.69 ± 0.2 kg, ADG: 98.22 ± 23.4 g) demonstrated slightly higher compared to the aluminium galvanized iron house (weekly weight gain: 0.60 ± 0.1 kg, ADG: 85.32 ± 16.4 g). Weekly growth trends revealed steady weight increases with temporary stagnation around weeks 4–6 due to feed supply challenges. These findings confirm that both housing systems provide adequate environments for the physiological development of Saanen does. The study supports the feasibility of aluminium galvanized iron housing as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative for small ruminant farming in Malaysia

Proximate Composition of Larvae, Prepupae and Adult in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)

The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) is an insect species and able to convert low-value substrates is highly nutrient feed. Most of the aquaculture industry uses fish meal as a protein source in the diet of fish however fish meal was high in demand, price, and limited hence as an alternative the supplement protein should possess certain content to meet the role of fish meal in aquafeed products. Besides, a lack of research and studies on using BSF as a substitute in fish feed was noticed. This project aims to analyze the proximate composition in larvae, prepupae and adults were freeze-dried at -20°C, ground, and analyzed for proximate composition such as crude protein, crude lipid, ash, crude fiber, and moisture. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA to identify the significant difference in proximate composition in the three stages of BSF which are larvae, prepupae, and adult. As a result, the proximate composition revealed that BSF larvae possessed 32.3% crude protein, 26.7% crude lipid, 9.0% ash, 10.1% crude fiber, and 6.9% moisture while BSF prepupae contain 27.0% crude protein, 4.2% crude lipid, 10.6% ash, 8.6% crude fiber and 37.4% moisture also BSF adult have 52.6% crude protein, 15.6% crude lipid, 7.5% ash, 13.2% crude fiber and 25.6% moisture. BSF adult shows the highest crude protein content thus data was able to contribute more information on the nutritional value that potentially can be replaced in the diet of fish feed

Efficacy of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal as Feed on Growth Performance for Juvenile Javan Mahseer (Tor tambra)

Fish meal (FM) is a well known protein source for fish feed and its heavy utilization has contributed to overfishing that lead to increase price of formulated feed due to scarcity of fish resources for fish meal. Several studies were done to identify the best substitution of FM including Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as a potential candidate for FM replacement. This study was done to investigate the proximate composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal (BSFLM) and to determine its efficacy as feed on growth performance of Javan Mahseer (Tor tambra). Three types of treatment were used namely F0 or control (0% BSFLM and 100% FM), F50 (50% BSFLM and 50% FM) and F100 (100% BSFLM and 0% FM). Each treatment was fed twice daily for 20 days to 10 Javan Mahseer with the average initial weight of 0.1g respectively. Analyses conducted was proximate composition and growth performance like specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival rate and body weight gain. Data was analysed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) SPSS Windows 27. Results show that crude protein in F0, F50 and F100 were 37.52%, 30.36% and 27.52%; while F50 indicated best BWG (66.71%) and lowest FCR (3.16) respectively. It can be concluded that treatment 50% inclusion of BSF is the best ratio for good growth performances of Javan Mahseer

The Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) as Supplementary Feed on Growth Performance of Cherry Valley Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) at the concentration of 0 %, 1% and  3% on growth performance of 27 Cherry Valley ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). The ducks were housed in battery cages with 3 ducks per partition of cages with access to water and diets for 2 weeks adjustment period and later, 4 weeks for feeding trial. Proximate analysis like moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fibre, ash and nitrogen free extract were conducted on feed samples prior to feeding experiment while body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed intake and mortality rate were parameters used to measure growth performances. Data obtained were analysed by using one way ANOVA of IBM SPSS Statistic version 22. Moisture and crude lipid showed significant difference (p < 0.05) among treatments. There were no significant differences of protein, ash, fibre and nitrogen free extract for all treatments. Sampling of growth performance parameters were taken every 7 days for 4 weeks. Body weight gain showed significant difference (p < 0.05) among all treatments. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among all treatments in feed intake, mortality rate and feed conversion ratio. It can be concluded that feed supplemented with 1% garlic is suitable to improve growth performance of Cherry Valley ducks within 4 weeks of the feeding trial

Effect of short-term bee bread on testicular cell development and testosterone level in male Sprague Dawley rats

Bee bread has been widely traditionally used for male fertility enrichment although limited scientific data are available on its effectiveness. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of bee bread on testicular cell development and testosterone level in male Sprague Dawley rats. In this study, 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and divided equally into four treatment groups (n = 6/group) which were Control (C: 0 g of bee bread/kg body weight), Treatment 1 (T1: 1 g of bee bread /kg body weight), Treatment 2 (T2: 2 g of bee bread /kg body weight) and Treatment 3 (T3: 3 g of bee bread /kg body weight). The bee bread was administered daily and orally according to the designated treatment groups using oral gavage for 28 days. After 28 days of treatment, rats were euthanised and testicular cell development and testosterone level were measured. Results showed that rats in the T2 group had thicker (P<0.05) seminiferous tubular diameter (STD) than the control group and higher (P<0.05) seminiferous epithelial height (SEH) compared to C and T1 groups. The testosterone level in the T1, T2 and T3 groups was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to control. In conclusion, this study suggests that supplemented with 2 g of bee bread per kg body weight is likely to give a positive effect by improving testicular cells development and testosterone level in male Sprague Dawley rats

Skeletal Deformities in Cultured Juvenile African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Skeletal deformities in cultured fish are known worldwide and it had affected the survival, growth and appearance of the fish which contribute to production loss. Clarias gariepinus is known as number one farmed fish in Malaysia. C. gariepinus also effected in these deformities especially in cultured species. The objectives of this study are to identify the skeletal deformities that occur in juvenile stages and to compare the bone structure between the normal and deformed fish. A total of 50 juveniles’ fish were collected from Aquaculture Extension and Community Centre Machang, Kelantan. The juvenile was measured before undergo staining process. The fish were starved for one day then fixed in 70% ethanol for two weeks. The fish were then stained with alizarin red S for cartilage and Alcian blue for bone. The specimens were photographed in order to observe the deformities. The data showed only 13.0% juveniles have skeletal deformities, 10.9% with lordosis and 2.2% scoliosis. The cause of the deformities may be due to the heterogenous growth but other factors might also contribute to the problem. As the conclusion, the skeletal deformities observed in juvenile C. gariepinus were detected with the whole-mount staining method ranged from size 7.3 and 26.0 cm in total length. This study shows there is heterogenous growth rearing at low percentage even from skilled farm. Further study should concentrate on hidden factors that affected the deformity rate and mineralization of the juvenile fish

Influence of Soya Oil Blended with Fish Oil on Growth Performance and Lipid Profile of Red Sea Bream Pagrus major

Continuous increase in fish feed prices due to deterioration of fish oil sources and quality catalyzes intensive research efforts to study alternatives for dietary fish oil such as soya oil.  Being rich in linolenic acid (C18:2n-6), soya oil has a competitive edge as an arachidonic acid (ARA) precursor. A 50-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soya oil as a substitute for fish oil on growth performance and lipid composition of juvenile red seabream, Pagrus major.  Four types of iso-nitrogenous experimental diets formulated in this feeding trial consisted of 100% fish oil (10F), 80% fish oil and 20% soya oil (8F2S), 60% fish oil and 40% soya oil (6F4S), and finally, 40% fish oil and 60% soya oil (4F6S). All diets were fed to triplicate groups of 15 red seabream with an initial mean weight of 4.9 ± 0.1 g twice daily to apparent satiation. Our results demonstrated that inclusion of soya oil as a lipid source to partially replace fish oil in red seabream diet led to the highest body weight gain (BWG) in 10F (837.2 ± 2.2%), followed by 8F2S (786.9 ± 38.3%), 6F4S (764.6 ± 5.2%) and 4F6S (682.0 ± 17.2%), respectively, without any significant differences among 10F, 8F2S and 6F4S. Soya oil inclusion also gradually decreased BWG and specific growth rate (SGR); both BWG and SGR in 4F6S were significantly lower than other treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (FI) showed no significant differences among treatments. Survival rate of all treatments exceeded 90% although the hepatosomatic index (HSI) in 4F6S was significantly higher than other treatments and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) increased gradually with a higher inclusion of soya oil. Lipid deposition in the whole body was the highest in fish fed with dietary 10F and decreased in relation to the elevated concentration of soya oil in diets. The ventral muscles had doubled the amount of lipid deposition as compared to dorsal muscles. Dominance of saturates among total fatty acid composition particularly C16:0, was similarly observed in the dorsal and ventral muscles as well as the liver. Saturates, monoenes, n-3 and ratio of n-3/n-6 observed have a similar gradient degradation in the dorsal and ventral muscles and the liver. An inverse relationship of inclusion level of soya oil on eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) in both dorsal and ventral muscles including the liver was also observed. In conclusion, diets not exceeding 40% soya oil are suitable as fish oil replacement in the diet of juvenile red seabream without significantly affecting the overall growth performance of this fish. Keywords: Pagrus major, red seabream, soya oil, growth performances, lipid profile ABSTRAK Kenaikan harga makanan ikan yang berterusan akibat kekurangan sumber dan juga kualiti minyak ikan, telah menggalakkan lebih banyak penyelidikan untuk mengkaji minyak soya sebagai sumber alternatif kepada minyak ikan. Kekayaan sumber asid linolenik (C18:2n-6) telah menjadikan minyak soya sebagai pelopor kepada asid arakidonik (ARA). Satu kajian pemakanan selama 50 hari telah dijalankan untuk menilai kesan pemakanan dengan menggunakan minyak soya ke atas tumbesaran dan komposisi lemak dalam ikan merah, Pagrus major juvenil. Empat jenis diet kajian iso-nitrogenus telah diformulasikan dalam kajian ini; yang terdiri daripada 100% minyak ikan (10F), 80% minyak ikan dan 20% minyak soya (8F2S), 60% minyak ikan dan 40% minyak soya (6F4S), dan 40% minyak ikan dan 60% minyak soya (4F6S). Semua diet telah diberikan dua kali sehari sehingga kenyang kepada sejumlah 15 ekor ikan merah dengan purata berat awal 4.9 + 0.1 g secara triplikat. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan minyak soya sebagai sumber lemak untuk menggantikan sebahagian sumber minyak ikan dalam ikan merah telah memberikan BWG dalam perlakuan 10F (837.2 + 2.2%), diikuti dengan 8F2S (786.9 + 38.3%), 6F4S (764.6 + 5.2%) dan 4F6S (682.0 + 17.2%), masing-masing, tanpa perbezaan yang bererti di antara perlakuan 10F, 8F2S and 6F4S. Penggunaan minyak soya juga mengurangkan BWG dan SGR secara perlahan-lahan; kedua-dua BWG and SGR dalam perlakuan 4F6S menunjukkan nilai rendah yang bererti berbanding perlakuan yang lain. Nisbah penukaran makanan (FCR) dan kadar pengambilan makanan (FI) telah menunjukkan tiada perbezaan yang bererti di antara semua perlakuan. Kadar kemandirian untuk semua perlakuan adalah melebihi 90% walaupun indeks hepatosomatik (HSI) dalam perlakuan 4F6S adalah lebih tinggi secara bererti berbanding perlakuan yang lain, dan serum glutamik-oksaloasetik transaminase (GOT) pula berkurangan dengan penambahan minyak soya. Pengumpulan lemak di keseluruhan tubuh adalah tertinggi dalam ikan yang diberi makanan 10F dan berkurangan dengan penambahan kepekatan minyak soya dalam diet. Kandungan lemak pada otot ventral juga telah meningkat sebanyak dua kali ganda berbanding dengan pada otot dorsal. Kandungan saturat dari jumlah komposisi asid lemak terutamanya C16:0 adalah lebih dominan pada otot dorsal, otot ventral dan hati. Saturat, monoene, n-3 dan nisbah n-3/n-6 telah menunjukkan kecerunan degradasi yang sama pada otot dorsal, otot ventral dan hati. Peningkatan minyak soya menyebabkan kesan songsang terhadap aras asid eikosapentanoik (EPA) and asid dokosaheksanoik (DHA) di kedua-dua otot dorsal dan ventral dan juga hati. Sebagai kesimpulan, diet yang mengandungi minyak soya tidak melebihi 40% adalah paling sesuai sebagai pengganti minyak ikan tanpa memberi kesan yang bererti kepada tumbesaran ikan merah juvenil. Kata kunci: Pagrus major, ikan merah, minyak soya, tumbesaran, profil lipid

Drying Profile and the Mineral Content in Quality Determination of Kappaphycus Alverezii (Rhodophyceae) from Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia

This study was carried out to determine the mineral bioavailability of Kappaphycis alverezi in different solution and to obtain the drying condition for seaweed to achieve the acceptable level of moisture content of 40%.  Acetic acid, sodium chloride and water are the parameters used in the mineral availability analysis to see the percentage of solubility after been subjected using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results showed that Kappaphycis alverezi treated with acid has a significantly increased in solubility of calcium which were 77.65, 63.64 and 60.02% respectively. In the drying experiment, the fresh seaweed and the commercial seaweed were dried in a cabinet dryer to study drying time to achieved the desired moisture content. The result based on drying showed that temperature have a significant difference (p>0.05) in drying time and the best drying temperature was 40°C in retaining the seaweed quality after the seaweed were subjected to syneresis analysis. The syneresis analysis demonstrated that 40°C had a lowest syneresis percentage which was 3.10% compared to temperature 60, 80 and 100°C at 11.51, 16.61 and 18.89% respectively. Proximate analysis showed that moisture content in Kappaphycis alverezi was 56.69% and ash content (26.34%), crude fibre (9.77%), protein (3.13%) and fat (0.67%). In dietary fibre analysis, by using enzymatic gravimetric method to determine the total dietary content in seaweed showed that seaweed can be classified as a high source of dietary fibre as the total dietary fibre obtained was 56.29 %