A Glossary for Research on Human Crowd Dynamics

This article presents a glossary of terms that are frequently used in research on human crowds. This topic is inherently multidisciplinary as it includes work in and across computer science, engineering, mathematics, physics, psychology and social science, for example. We do not view the glossary presented here as a collection of finalised and formal definitions. Instead, we suggest it is a snapshot of current views and the starting point of an ongoing process that we hope will be useful in providing some guidance on the use of terminology to develop a mutual understanding across disciplines. The glossary was developed collaboratively during a multidisciplinary meeting. We deliberately allow several definitions of terms, to reflect the confluence of disciplines in the field. This also reflects the fact not all contributors necessarily agree with all definitions in this glossary

Impact of supercritical CO[sub 2] drying on roughness of hydrogen silsesquioxane e-beam resist

Surface roughness (SR) and, especially, the closely related line-edge roughness (LER) of nanostructures are important issues in advanced lithography. In this study, the origin of surface roughness in the negative tone electron resist hydrogen silsesquioxane is shown to be associated with polymer aggregate extraction not only during resist development but also during resist drying. In addition, the impact of exposure dose and resist development time on SR is clarified. Possibilities to reduce SR and LER of nanostructures by optimizing resist rinsing and drying are evaluated. A process of supercritical CO(2) resist drying that delivers remarkable reduction of roughness is presented. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society.</p

Toxicity and Deficiency of Copper in <i>Elsholtzia splendens</i> Affect Photosynthesis Biophysics, Pigments and Metal Accumulation

<i>Elsholtzia splendens</i> is a copper-tolerant plant species growing on copper deposits in China. Spatially and spectrally resolved kinetics of in vivo absorbance and chlorophyll fluorescence in mesophyll of <i>E. splendens</i> were used to investigate the copper-induced stress from deficiency and toxicity as well as the acclimation to excess copper stress. The plants were cultivated in nutrient solutions containing either Fe­(III)–EDTA or Fe­(III)–EDDHA. Copper toxicity affected light-acclimated electron flow much stronger than nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) or dark-acclimated photochemical efficiency of PSIIRC (<i>F</i>_v/<i>F</i>_m). It also changed spectrally resolved Chl fluorescence kinetics, in particular by strengthening the short-wavelength (<700 nm) part of NPQ altering light harvesting complex II (LHCII) aggregation. Copper toxicity reduced iron accumulation, decreased Chls and carotenoids in leaves. During acclimation to copper toxicity, leaf copper decreased but leaf iron increased, with photosynthetic activity and pigments recovering to normal levels. Copper tolerance in <i>E. splendens</i> was inducible; acclimation seems be related to homeostasis of copper and iron in <i>E. splendens</i>. Copper deficiency appeared at 10 mg copper per kg leaf DW, leading to reduced growth and decreased photosynthetic parameters (<i>F</i>₀, <i>F</i>_v/<i>F</i>_m, Φ_PSII). The importance of these results for evaluating responses of phytoremediation plants to stress in their environment is discussed

Human Metabolism and Urinary Excretion Kinetics of Nonylphenol in Three Volunteers after a Single Oral Dose

Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine-disrupting anthropogenic chemical that is ubiquitous in the environment. Human biomonitoring data and knowledge on internal NP exposure are still sparse, and its human metabolism is largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated human metabolism and urinary excretion of NP. Three male volunteers received a single oral dose of 1 mg 13C6-labeled NP (10.6–11.7 μg/kg body weight). Consecutive full urine voids were collected for 48 h. A metabolite screening identified nine ring- and/or side chain-oxidized metabolites. We chose the most promising hits, the alkyl chain-oxidized metabolites hydroxy-NP (OH-NP) and oxo-NP, for quantitative investigation next to the parent NP. For this purpose, we newly synthesized specific n – 1-oxidized monoisomeric analytical standards. Quantification of the polyisomeric metabolites was performed via online-solid phase extraction-LC-MS/MS with stable isotope dilution using a previously published consensus method. Alkyl chain hydroxylation (OH-NP) constituted the major metabolism pathway representing 43.7 or 62.2% (depending on the mass transition used for quantification) of the NP dose excreted in urine. The urinary excretion fraction (FUE) for oxo-NP was 6.0 or 9.3%. The parent NP, quantified via an analogous isomeric 13C6-NP standard, represented 6.6%. All target analytes were excreted predominately as glucuronic acid conjugates. Excretion was rather quick, with concentration maxima in urine 2.3–3.4 h after dosing and biphasic elimination kinetics (elimination half-times first phase: 1.0–1.5 h and second phase: 5.2–6.8 h). Due to its high FUE and insusceptibility to external contamination (contrary to parent NP), OH-NP represents a robust and sensitive novel exposure biomarker for NP. The novel FUEs enable to robustly back-calculate the overall NP intakes from urinary metabolite levels in population samples for a well-informed cumulative exposure and risk assessment

Mixed-Valent Mn₁₆-Containing Heteropolyanions: Tuning of Oxidation State and Associated Physicochemical Properties

The two 16-manganese-containing, Keggin-based 36-tungsto-4-silicates [MnIII10MnII6O6­(OH)6­(PO4)4­(A-α-SiW9O34)4]28– (1) and [MnIII4MnII12­(OH)12­(PO4)4­(A-α-SiW9O34)4]28– (2) have been prepared by reaction of the trilacunary Keggin precursor [A-α-SiW9O34]10– with either Mn­(OOCCH3)3·2H2O (for 1) or MnCl2·4H2O (for 2), in aqueous phosphate solution at pH 9. Polyanions 1 and 2 comprise mixed-valent, cationic {MnIII10MnII6O6­(OH)6}24+ and {MnIII4MnII12­(OH)12}24+ cores, respectively, encapsulated by four phosphate groups and four {SiW9} units in a tetrahedral fashion. Both polyanions were structurally and compositionally characterized by single-crystal XRD, IR, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, studies were performed probing the magnetic, electrochemical, oxidation catalytic, and Li-ion battery performance of 1 and 2

New records of rare species in the Mediterranean Sea (May 2022)

This Collective Article presents new information about the occurrence of 21 taxa that belong to six Phyla: one Cnidaria, one Ctenophora, two Annelida, four Mollusca, two Arthropoda, and eleven Chordata. These records were reported from ten countries from the western to the eastern Mediterranean Sea as follows: Spain: early colonization signs of the Mar Menor lagoon by the cigar jellyfish Olindias muelleri; France: second record of the sea chub of the genus Kyphosus in French Mediterranean waters; Italy: first record of the marbled crab Pachygrapsus maurus in Sardinian waters; first records of the polychaetes Malmgrenia polypapillata and Levinsenia tribranchiata in the Tyrrhenian Sea; new record of the deep-sea squid Ancistrocheirus lesueurii in the Tyrrhenian Sea; first record of the pignosed arrowtooth eel Dysomma brevirostre in the Adriatic Sea; Tunisia: first documented record of the blue butterfish Stromateus fiatola and new record of the iconic great white shark Carcharodon carcharias in the Gulf of Gabes; Slovenia: first records of the sea slug Diaphorodoris alba and the sharpnose sevengill shark Heptranchias perlo; Montenegro: new record of the rare tope shark Galeorhinus galeus; Greece: new records of the rabbitfish Chimaera monstrosa and the electric ray Tetronarce nobiliana; first published record of the nuribranch Discodoris rosi; first record of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni, unreported so far from the entire Mediterranean; Turkey: first record of the ctenophore Hormiphora plumosa at country level; first records of the anomuran decapod Munida speciosa and the Mediterranean tripodfish, Bathypterois mediterraneus from the Levantine Sea; Cyprus: first documented record of the nuribranch Scyllaea pelagica; Lebanon: first record of the killer whale Orcinus orca from the Levantine Sea

Mixed-Valent Mn₁₆-Containing Heteropolyanions: Tuning of Oxidation State and Associated Physicochemical Properties

The two 16-manganese-containing, Keggin-based 36-tungsto-4-silicates [Mn^III₁₀Mn^II₆O₆­(OH)₆­(PO₄)₄­(<i>A</i>-α-SiW₉O₃₄)₄]^28– (<b>1</b>) and [Mn^III₄Mn^II₁₂­(OH)₁₂­(PO₄)₄­(<i>A</i>-α-SiW₉O₃₄)₄]^28– (<b>2</b>) have been prepared by reaction of the trilacunary Keggin precursor [<i>A</i>-α-SiW₉O₃₄]^10– with either Mn­(OOCCH₃)₃·2H₂O (for <b>1</b>) or MnCl₂·4H₂O (for <b>2</b>), in aqueous phosphate solution at pH 9. Polyanions <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> comprise mixed-valent, cationic {Mn^III₁₀Mn^II₆O₆­(OH)₆}²⁴⁺ and {Mn^III₄Mn^II₁₂­(OH)₁₂}²⁴⁺ cores, respectively, encapsulated by four phosphate groups and four {SiW₉} units in a tetrahedral fashion. Both polyanions were structurally and compositionally characterized by single-crystal XRD, IR, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, studies were performed probing the magnetic, electrochemical, oxidation catalytic, and Li-ion battery performance of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>