SALIVARY ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEIN RESPONSE TO PROLONGED RUNNING

Prolonged exercise may compromise immunity through a reduction of salivary antimicrobial proteins (AMPs). Salivary IgA (IgA) has been extensively studied, but little is known about the effect of acute, prolonged exercise on AMPs including lysozyme (Lys) and lactoferrin (Lac). Objective: To determine the effect of a 50-km trail race on salivary cortisol (Cort), IgA, Lys, and Lac. Methods: 14 subjects: (6 females, 8 males) completed a 50km ultramarathon. Saliva was collected pre, immediately after (post) and 1.5 hrs post race ( 1.5). Results: Lac concentration was higher at 1.5 hrs post race compared to post exercise (p<0.05). Lys was unaffected by the race (p>0.05). IgA concentration, secretion rate, and IgA/Osm were lower 1.5 hrs post compared to pre race (p<0.05). Cort concentration was higher at post compared to 1.5 (p<0.05), but was unaltered from pre race levels. Subjects finished in 7.81 ± 1.2 hrs. Saliva flow rate did not differ between time points. Saliva Osm increased at post (p<0.05) compared to pre race. Conclusions: The intensity could have been too low to alter Lys and Lac secretion rates and thus, may not be as sensitive as IgA to changes in response to prolonged running. Results expand our understanding of the mucosal immune system and may have implications for predicting illness after prolonged running

“Elevation Training Mask” Induces Hypoxemia But Utilizes A Novel Feedback Signaling Mechanism

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3b-hydroxy-5a-androst-1-en-17-one Increases Testosterone Bioavailability Through Downregulation of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Protein

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How Rural Counties Can Generate Jobs

The findings are presented from a study of the job generating activities of fifteen ruralcounties in southern Maryland and the Delaware Peninsula. Nine specified informants,who were knowledgeable about economic developments, were interviewed ineach county to learn what actions their counties are taking to develop economicallyand how much each activity contributes to jobs. The activities that impacted the moston jobs were industrial parks, economic developments units, and tourism promotion.Other major job generators were a county group for recruiting businesses, specialcapital arrangements, development bonds, location in county of state or federal governmentactivities, and commercial sites. An analysis of county characteristics andactivities related to job generating success is provided

What’s Deer to You?: Exploitation of White-tailed Deer from a Late Woodland River Valley Site

This study analyzes faunal remains recovered from Woodpecker Cave (13JH202), a Late Woodland rockshelter site located in southeast Iowa. Seven seasons of field school excavations at Woodpecker Cave resulted in over 24,000 faunal specimens. These faunal remains were sorted by element and assigned their appropriate genus and species. Care was also given to identify evidence of butchery, including cut marks and breakage morphology. Although over 30 species have been identified from Woodpecker Cave, the quantification analysis indicates that subsistence efforts were focused primarily on the hunting of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A seasonality analysis of the site supports prior research that Woodpecker Cave was likely occupied during the fall and winter. Comparison of Woodpecker Cave to other regional rockshelter sites reveal a broader pattern of rockshelters being used as hunting camps for intense, specialized hunting of white-tailed deer to supplement Late Woodland subsistence

Are thermotolerance and heat acclimation related through the heat shock response?

Thermotolerance (cellular adaptations that allow survival after an acute, severe heat exposure) and heat acclimation (systemic adaptations that improve heat dissipation following chronic heat exposure) have traditionally been considered separate phenomena. However, recent studies in animals suggest these adaptations may be related through the heat shock response. METHODS: We evaluated the effects of a standard laboratory heat shock response-inhibitor (QUERCETIN) on established markers of thermotolerance [gastrointestinal barrier permeability, plasma TNF-a, Il-6, and Il-10 concentrations; leukocyte HSP70 content(HSP70)] and heat acclimation [reduced body temperatures, heart rate, and physiologic strain in response to exercise/heat stress] in male subjects (n=8) completing a 7-day heat acclimation protocol. Thermotolerance markers were assessed in blood drawn before (pre), after (post), 2hr after (2-post) and 4hr after (4-post) exercise on day 1 and day 7 of heat acclimation. Heat acclimation markers were assessed by a standard heat tolerance test, performed at baseline, and on day 6 of heat acclimation. Subjects completed an identical protocol under placebo supplementation (PLACEBO), in counter-balanced order, under double-blind conditions, with sufficient washout. RESULTS: QUERCETIN increased gastrointestinal barrier permeability and TNF-a on the 1st day of exercise/heat stress, no differences in these variables were reported in PLACEBO. 7 days of exercise/heat stress in PLACEBO decreased subjects exercise Il-6 and Il-10 and increased HSP70; it also reduced exercise body temperatures, heart rate, and physiologic strain. Striking differences were noted in these same subjects under QUERCETIN. Here gastrointestinal barrier permeability remained elevated, Il-6 and Il-10 were not reduced, HSP70 was not increased, and exercise body temperatures were not reduced. While exercise heart rate and physiologic strain were reduced, this occurred much later in exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the concept of whole-organism adaptation, repeated exercise/heat stress reduces circulating cytokine concentrations and increases cytoprotective HSP70, contributing to reductions in systemic markers of heat strain. Exercising under the influence of a heat shock response inhibitor may prevent these responses, contributing to loss of benefits normally incurred by a standard heat acclimation protocol in humans.\u2

Not All Violence in Relationships Is Domestic Violence

This article argues that not all violence in intimate relationships is “domestic violence.” Domestic violence is a pattern of acts perpetrated with a motive: power and control over another. National anti-domestic violence organizations, activists and advocates, and a number of academics agree on this construct of domestic violence. Law, on the other hand, requires neither a pattern nor a motive; it defines domestic violence to include any single act of violence in a relationship, regardless of the perpetrator’s intent. Because legal intervention is the primary intervention for domestic violence today, feminist legal scholars have sought to reform the law to match the construct. This article focuses on the construct, arguing that anti-domestic violence scholars and activists have yet to be sufficiently explicit about what domestic violence is not. It is not a singular act of violence in a relationship, without the motive of power and control. But what anti-domestic violence activist wants to argue that a little bit of violence in a relationship is ok? In this article, I do not condone physical violence in relationships; rather, I argue that anti-domestic violence organizations’ public messaging about what domestic violence is and what it is not needs fine tuning. Rather than implying that all violence in a relationship is domestic violence, it should do the opposite. It should state that some types of conduct in a relationship, which may or may not rise to the level of physical violence, form a pattern designed to diminish a partner’s autonomy. This is what anti-domestic violence advocates currently call “domestic violence.” It is a particular subset of violence in relationships that social scientists call “coercive control.” It is a type that exploits gender privilege and is particularly dangerous both physically and psychologically to women and other marginalized groups. As such, this subset of relationship violence should be targeted for prevention and intervention. Drawing on social constructionism theory, the article examines carefully the content of the current construct, public messaging about the construct, and the gap between construct, messaging and law. Its original contribution to the literature is that reform of messaging about the construct of domestic violence must precede reform of the law of domestic violence