Before ‘The San’: Tuberculosis in Hamilton at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

At the turn of the twentieth century, tuberculosis was declining in Canada, but the effects of industrialization and urbanization created ideal conditions for continued spread of the disease. Living in a thriving urban-industrial center, the people of Hamilton were deeply affected by tuberculosis. This book tells their story through topics that range from geographic and demographic patterns of tuberculosis deaths within the city, folk and medical treatments, the sanatorium movement that led to the building of the Hamilton Mountain Sanatorium in 1906, and cultural constructions of health and disease in Hamilton. Written by a class of fourth year Anthropology students at McMaster University, the story of tuberculosis in Hamilton a century ago illuminates a disease that is re-emerging today as an equally devastating threat to human health worldwide.</p

A New Isolate of the Genus Malassezia Based on the Sequence Analysis of 26S and ITS1 in Ribosomal DNA

Malassezia species considered to be the etiological agents of pityriasis versicolor andMalassezia follicolitis in humans. Recently, on the basis of molecular data, four new specieswere added to the genus. In total, 11 species have been described and accepted sofar. In this study we describe a new isolate of Malassezia based on the nucleotide sequenceof 26SrDNA and ITS1 regions, as the accepted critical markers for description ofthe species.The yeast was isolated from a hamster. Two primer pairs, one for amplification of D1/D2-26Sr DNA and another for the ITS1 region were used in PCR. The PCR products weresequenced and analyzed to compare with other similar sequences which are already depositedin the GenBank. The 26SrDNA PCR product was also digested with the restrictionenzyme CfoI.Malassezia-specific universal primer pairs successfully amplified the 26srDNA and ITS1regions of the new isolate, providing a single PCR product of about 580 and 280 basepairs, respectively. After digestion of the 26s PCR product with the enzyme CfoI, a uniqueand different RFLP pattern was observed. Sequence analysis of D1/D226s and ITS1 regionswere compared with the same regions in all already described Malassezia species,which implied a different and unique new sequences. The phylogenetic tree of both regionsshowed that the isolate could be a different Malassezia isolate.Regarding the new RFLP pattern of D1/D226SrDBA and the unique nucleotide sequence ofboth D1/D2 26SrDNA and ITS1 regions, we propose the isolate to be a new Malassezia

A Study of the Mortality Statistics at the National Leprosarium Oku-Komyoen,Japan Technical Official for Ministry of Welfare

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DEFINITION OF MIXING RATE OF INDICATOR BY INDICATOR DILUTION METHOD: EVALUATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MIXING RATE OF INDICATOR AND CARDIAC OUTPUT DETERMINATION

It is generally agreed that complete mixing of the indicator is one of the most important factors of the indicator dilution method, however, no clear definition of the mixing state has been established. We established a formula for the mixing rate of the indicator by the indicator dilution method, using the concept of entropy in the information theory, and compared the mixing rate of indocyanine green in one mixing chamber (left ventricle) with that in the two mixing chamber system (including the aortic system). The mixing rate of the indicator (M) is shown as M(%)=100 H/Hcm -100 (lk Σn i=1 Ci log Ci +log k) (l & k: correction factors in each dye dilution curve, C: mean concentration of the indicator in the region).Left heart and aortic catheterizations by retrograde femoral and carotid artery approach were performed in five anesthetized dogs. Simultaneous dye dilution curves were recorded at the aortic root and at the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta, following the injection of indocyanine green (2.5 mg/lml of indocyamine green for each injection) by impulse into the left ventricle at the endsystole, triggered on the R wave of ECG, using the automatic injector devised by the authors. Twenty-five pairs of dye dilution curves were obtained by simultaneous recording in the aortic root and the abdominal aorta under several hemodynamic conditions, and the cardiac output, mean circulation time and the mixing rate of the indicator were determined.The mixing rate of the indicator obtained in the aortic root (mean±SE: M=78.7 ± 3.43%) was observed to be significantly greater (P<0.01) than in the abdominal aorta (mean ±SE: M=70.0±3.51%).Taking the mixing rate of the indicator into consideration, the cardiac output determination by the indicator dilution method is more sensitive to the changing hemodynamic conditions when determined in the aortic root than in the abdominal aorta