Controlling motile disclinations in a thick nematogenic material with an electric field

Manipulating topological disclination networks that arise in a symmetry-breaking phase transfor- mation in widely varied systems including anisotropic materials can potentially lead to the design of novel materials like conductive microwires, self-assembled resonators, and active anisotropic matter. However, progress in this direction is hindered by a lack of control of the kinetics and microstructure due to inherent complexity arising from competing energy and topology. We have studied thermal and electrokinetic effects on disclinations in a three-dimensional nonabsorbing nematic material with a positive and negative sign of the dielectric anisotropy. The electric flux lines are highly non-uniform in uniaxial media after an electric field below the Fr\'eedericksz threshold is switched on, and the kinetics of the disclination lines is slowed down. In biaxial media, depending on the sign of the dielectric anisotropy, apart from the slowing down of the disclination kinetics, a non-uniform electric field filters out disclinations of different topology by inducing a kinetic asymmetry. These results enhance the current understanding of forced disclination networks and establish the pre- sented method, which we call fluctuating electronematics, as a potentially useful tool for designing materials with novel properties in silico.Comment: 17 Pages, 14 Figure

Biodiversity of the Indian Desert and it´s value

The state of Rajasthan is situated between 23º3’ and 30º12’ N latitude and 69º30’ and 78º17’ E longitude . The total land area of the state is about 3,24,239 km²out of which about 1,98,100 km² is arid and the rest semi arid. The physical features are characterized mainly by the Aravallis and to the some extent by the vindhyan formation, and the Deccan trap. A major portion of western Rajasthan has desert soils and sandy plains. Sand dunes occupy a greater part of western Rajasthan ( 1,20, 983 km²). The soils of the desert plains are loamy sand to loam and the eastern part has alluvial soil which supports good forests and agricultural crop. Occurrence of saline soils with pH up to 9.0 is a common feature in the sandy areas of Rajasthan. The average annual rainfall in the state is 525-675 mm, and the annual precipitation in different tracts of Rajasthan varies from 13 mm to 1766 mm. Out of the total areaforests cover only about 37,638 km² and are rich in biodiversity. Rajasthan is rich in biodiversity which has a great economic value. Characterization of different plant species of economic value was undertaken. (Table 1-6)

Access to Banking Services and Poverty Reduction: A State-wise Assessment in India

Financial inclusion is the broad based delivery of banking and other financial services at affordable cost to the poorest sections of society. In India, financial inclusion emphasizes to include maximum number of people under formal financial systems. The most important part of financial services in a region is typically measured by number of people who have access to bank accounts. The present study investigates the drive to financial inclusion in the form of the growth in bank accounts of scheduled commercial banks and the changes in below poverty line population. The result suggests that the growth in bank accounts is not significantly associated with the reduction in below poverty line population across states. Providing banking services to maximum number of people is unsuccessful as a poverty reduction strategy. As a poverty reduction strategy, developing inclusive financial systems should give priority, which is financially and socially sustainable.banking, financial inclusion, poverty

An Empirical Study on Gur (Jaggery) Industry (with special reference to operational efficiency & profitability measurement)

Gur (Jaggery) is a natural, traditional product of sugarcane. It can define as a honey brown coloured raw lump of sugar. Kushinagar district of Uttar-Pradesh has large number of Gur manufacturing units, mostly located in the rural areas and the manufacturers are following conventional methods for producing this. In the district the major clusters which are having more numbers of manufacturing units are Sukraouli, Kasia, Hata and Padarauna. Around half of the rural population is employed in gur making industry in this region. Although, there is no R & D assistance and marketing institutions for support. It is found that the manufacturers are producing majorly for distilleries and local licker producers, not for the food-plate or common man's consumption. The paper examines the cost-return analysis, profitability and operational efficiency of Gur manufacturing units in study area. The study revealed that units of medium and large sizes were able to cover their operating expenses with significant level of profit but small size units were earning a marginal profit. The profit earned by this category was very low as compared to other two sizes. The manufacturers are not interested in any new product of Gur, they just want to earn more profit through Gur only. This research will urged the policymakers to streamline strategies that promote stabilization of sugarcane economy and make the nation credible supplier of Gur in the International market, benefiting Gur makers, sugarcane growers and related stakeholders.

Biodiversity of the Indian Desert and it´s value

The state of Rajasthan is situated between 23º3’ and 30º12’ N latitude and 69º30’ and 78º17’ E longitude . The total land area of the state is about 3,24,239 km²out of which about 1,98,100 km² is arid and the rest semi arid. The physical features are characterized mainly by the Aravallis and to the some extent by the vindhyan formation, and the Deccan trap. A major portion of western Rajasthan has desert soils and sandy plains. Sand dunes occupy a greater part of western Rajasthan ( 1,20, 983 km²). The soils of the desert plains are loamy sand to loam and the eastern part has alluvial soil which supports good forests and agricultural crop. Occurrence of saline soils with pH up to 9.0 is a common feature in the sandy areas of Rajasthan. The average annual rainfall in the state is 525-675 mm, and the annual precipitation in different tracts of Rajasthan varies from 13 mm to 1766 mm. Out of the total areaforests cover only about 37,638 km² and are rich in biodiversity. Rajasthan is rich in biodiversity which has a great economic value. Characterization of different plant species of economic value was undertaken. (Table 1-6)

Clustering with Spectral Norm and the k-means Algorithm

There has been much progress on efficient algorithms for clustering data points generated by a mixture of $k$ probability distributions under the assumption that the means of the distributions are well-separated, i.e., the distance between the means of any two distributions is at least $\Omega(k)$ standard deviations. These results generally make heavy use of the generative model and particular properties of the distributions. In this paper, we show that a simple clustering algorithm works without assuming any generative (probabilistic) model. Our only assumption is what we call a "proximity condition": the projection of any data point onto the line joining its cluster center to any other cluster center is $\Omega(k)$ standard deviations closer to its own center than the other center. Here the notion of standard deviations is based on the spectral norm of the matrix whose rows represent the difference between a point and the mean of the cluster to which it belongs. We show that in the generative models studied, our proximity condition is satisfied and so we are able to derive most known results for generative models as corollaries of our main result. We also prove some new results for generative models - e.g., we can cluster all but a small fraction of points only assuming a bound on the variance. Our algorithm relies on the well known $k$-means algorithm, and along the way, we prove a result of independent interest -- that the $k$-means algorithm converges to the "true centers" even in the presence of spurious points provided the initial (estimated) centers are close enough to the corresponding actual centers and all but a small fraction of the points satisfy the proximity condition. Finally, we present a new technique for boosting the ratio of inter-center separation to standard deviation

Union Membership Effect on Wage Premiums: Evidence from Organized Manufacturing Industries in India

Trade unionism is a legislative system of organizing workers and raising voices for economic and social goods. As the process of global integration deepens the labour market become more flexible and fragmented, rendering collective organization more and more difficult. In this backdrop, the paper attempted to analyse the impact of union membership on wages in the organised manufacturing industries in India. The study uses a recent survey data on labour market in the organised manufacturing industries. The estimated wage premiums for union membership for permanent and contract workers are 56.7 per cent and 10.3 per cent respectively. Decomposing this wage gap indicates that union membership contributes majority of the wage differentials, indicating that unions able to reserve higher premium for their members. In general, it refutes the problem of free riding the benefits in the organized manufacturing industries in India.trade unions, wage differentials, manufacturing