The theory of an ‘optimum currency area’

The main goal of this paper is to analyse and distinguish the main components of the theory of an ‘Optimum Currency Area’. The theory of an optimum currency area indicates some essential elements as preconditions for the successful introduction of a common currency: high mobility of labour, openness of the economy defined as a high proportion of tradable to non-tradable goods, and high diversification of domestic production before joining the union. The article’s analysis helps to better understanding the reasons of the current crisis in the euro zone. The main problem with a common currency area is the adjustment to imbalances, which cannot take place through exchange rates in conditions of a common currency. The missing elements of the theory are the role of the mobility of capital to correct interregional balance of payments disequilibria and lack of a common budget with sufficient own resources during the occurrence of debt crises in member countries. The theory of an optimum currency area has noticed the importance of coordination between fiscal and monetary policy and the necessity of redistribution of resources among partners. However, it does not say much about the methods applied, how to deal with debt crises and what the cost of a potential breaking up of monetary union would be

Isolation and characterization of the soil gels

Tato práce se zaměřuje na gelotvorné složky obsažené v půdě, a to konkrétně na jejich izolaci a další charakterizaci pomocí elektronového mikroskopu a dostupných analytických metod (FT–IR spektrofotometrie, elementární a termická analýza). Poznatky z tohoto experimentu by měli přispět k lepšímu porozumění funkce těchto gelů v půdě, stejně tak jako jejich významu pro floru a faunu v půdě obsaženou. Teoretická část je zaměřená na huminové látky, protože na základě dosud publikovaných prací se předpokládá důležitá role těchto látek při tvorbě půdních gelů. Praktická část práce je věnovaná především optimalizaci metody izolace půdního gelu z půdy a jeho dalšímu zpracování a charakterizaci.The aim of this study are the gel-creative components in soil, mainly the isolation and characterization using electron microscopy and available analytical methods like FT-IR spectrometry, elementary and thermogravimetric analysis. The knowledge from this study may help to define function and significance of this gels to soils and nature. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with humic substances which are, according to published articles so far, expected to play an important role in the formation of the soil gels. The experimental part solves especially the optimization of the method of isolation soil gels and his further characterization.

Adhesion of Poland into EURO ZONE

Poland has been a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004 and adoption of the euro by Poland is integral part of our Treaty of Accession. From the legal point of view Poland is already the member of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) but because has not completed the third stage of the EMU, we still can use our own currency – polish zloty. On January 17, 2006 Polish Finance Minister Zyta Gilowska said in an interview that Poland will not adopt the euro before 2010, adding that 2011 was an achievable deadline. In October 2006, the Polish President Lech Kaczyński said in an interview with Spain,s El Mundo that euro entry” should be a subject submitted to a referendum, which would take place at the end of his legislature, which ends in 2010 (1). Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk said during the Economic forum in Krynica that Poland would adopt euro in 2011 a year before the European football championship organized together by Poland and Ukraine. In November 2008 Polish Government accepted so called road map to introduce euro by 2012. Firstly, Polish zloty should join the ERM 2 system which was planned in the middle of 2009. Secondly, after accomplishment convergence criteria in 2011, Poland is going to fix the permanent exchange rate between polish zloty and euro. Thirdly, introduction of Euro and withdrawal of polish zloty is previewed on 1 January 2012. The prices on polish market are going to be presented in two currencies (polish zloty and Euro) during six month. However, before Poland will join the euro zone , the Polish Constitution has to be amended to give the European Central Bank the right to print and distribute euro as a national currency. In connection with the world financial crises and suddenly devaluation of polish zloty most economist agree that government plan of euro introduction in Poland is too rushed and not realistic and adhesion of zloty into ERM 2 system should be delaying.peer-reviewe

The Unbearable Beingness of Light, Dressing and Undressing Photons in Black Hole Spacetimes

Gravitational tidal forces acting on the virtual e+ e- cloud surrounding a photon endow spacetime with a non-trivial refractive index. This has remarkable properties unique to gravitational theories including superluminal low-frequency propagation, in apparent violation of causality, and amplification of the renormalized photon field, in apparent violation of unitarity. Using the geometry of null congruences and the Penrose limit, we illustrate these phenomena and their resolution by tracing the history of a photon as it falls into the near-singularity region of a black hole.Comment: 8 pages, Essay awarded third prize in the Gravity Research Foundation essay competition 201

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Dalam Pembelajaran IPA Dengan Metode Demonstrasi Di Kelas IV SDN 14 Ampana

Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) ini dilaksanakan di kelas IV SDN 14 Ampana dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 20 orang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran IPA dengan metode demonstrasi di kelas IV SDN 14 Ampana, yang dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus. Data yang diambil dari penelitian ini adalah data kualitatif dan data kuantitatif. Data kualitatif diperoleh dari hasil observasi aktivitas siswa dan aktivitas guru pada saat proses belajar mengajar berlangsung sedangkan data kuantitatif diperoleh dari hasil belajar siswa pada setiap akhir tindakan. Hasil analisa data kualitatif dari lembar observasi siswa pada siklus I menyatakan cukup dan pada siklus II sangat baik. Selanjutnya hasil analisa data kuantitatif hasil tes tindakan siklus I diperoleh siswa yang tuntas 12 orang dari 20 orang siswa dengan persentase daya serap klasikal sebesar 64,0% dan ketuntasan belajar klasikal sebesar 60,0%. Pada siklus II hasil tes akhir tindakan mengalami peningkatan, siswa yang tuntas 18 orang dari 20 orang siswa dengan persentase daya serap klasikal sebesar 86,5% dan ketuntasan belajar klasikal sebesar 90,0%. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hasil yang diperoleh dari siklus I dan II baik hasil observasi aktivitas siswa dan guru maupun hasil tes akhir tindakan mengalami peningkatan. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa penggunaan metode demonstrasi dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SDN 14 Ampana pada mata pelajaran IPA

Tertiary time: The precariat's dilemma

Progressive politics has always been about the struggle to reduce social inequities and inequalities. What takes priority depends on the type of society we live in. Today people in rich countries live in societies that are tertiary, not industrial, in that what they do is largely covered by “services.” In a tertiary society, one iniquitous form of inequality is control of time. Time is a key asset. But we do not have a conceptualization of tertiary time. We must rectify that so as to develop a progressive politics of time

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD (Student Teams Achievement Division) Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Di Kelas V SDN 14 Ampana

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang dilakukan dalam 2 siklus. Pelaksanaan penelitian tindakan kelas ini terdiri atas empat kegiatan yang dilakukan dengan siklus berulang yaitu perencanaan, tindakan, pengamatan/observasi, dan refleksi. Desain penelitian ini mengacu pada diagram yang dicantumkan oleh Kemmis dan Mc. Taggart. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah rendahnya hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran IPA kelas V SDN 14 Ampana. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD pada mata pelajaran IPA di kelas V SDN 14 Ampana. Siswa yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 22 orang siswa di kelas V SDN 14 Ampana tahun ajaran 2014-2015. Model pembelajaran yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran IPA di kelas V SDN 14 Ampana pada materi alat pernapasan pada manusia. Pada tes awal siswa yang tuntas 7 orang (persentase tuntas klasikal 31,8%) dan (daya serap klasikal 54,5%). Pada siklus I siswa yang tuntas 13 orang (persentase tuntas klasikal 59,1% dan daya serap klasikal 63,6%). Pada siklus II meningkat menjadi siswa yang tuntas 20 orang atau persentase ketuntasan klasikal 90,9% dan daya serap klasikal 86,4%. Pada siklus II sudah memenuhi standar ketuntasan belajar, demikian pula dengan hasil observasi terhadap aktivitas siswa dan aktivitas guru. Pada siklus I dan siklus II dikategorikan cukup dan sangat baik. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan memanfaatkan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas V SDN 14 Ampana pada pelajaran IPA khususnya materi alat pernapasan pada manusia