Principles and applications of high temperature ion conducting ceramic in power generation - fuel cells and oxygen membranes

High temperature membranes can be used in numerous applications including ceramic filters, selective sieves, removal of impurities, oxygen and hydrogen separation, electrochemical devices such as solid oxide fuel cells and solid oxide electrolysers. The fabrication process is oriented at achieving desired properties of the final product, including proper conductivity, size and density of pores, tortuosity, mechanical stability in high operating temperatures and others. Among the mentioned applications, solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen separation membranes represent materials with mixed ionic and electronic conductivity (MIEC) which will be further discussed in the lecture. Such material are often referred as membranes designed specifically for transport of ions and electrons

A személyi szabadság büntető eljárásjogi korlátai az emberi jogok európai egyezményének 5. cikkében

The study presents the provisions of article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the relevant decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which constitute minimum requirements for member states regarding the restriction on liberty. This article of the Convention is of high importance, because the deprivation of liberty is the most intense intervention in a person’s fundamental rights during criminal procedure. Therefore, providing proper legal protection in every member state is especially important.A tanulmány az emberi jogok európai egyezményének 5. cikkében szereplő rendelkezéseket és a strasbourgi bíróság vonatkozó eseti döntéseit mutatja be, amelyek a személyi szabadság korlátozására vonatkozóan állítanak fel minimumkövetelményeket a részes államok számára. Az egyezmény e cikke nagy jelentőséggel bír, hiszen a személyi szabadság elvonása a legintenzívebb beavatkozást jelenti az ember alapvető jogaiba a büntetőeljárás során, így különösen fontos a megfelelő jogvédelem biztosítása minden államban

Új utakon a hazai fogyasztóvédelem: – a cselekvő fogyasztóvédelem jogalkotói és szakmai irányító szemmel

The Ministry of Justice in Hungary assumes control of consumer protection expertise from 2022. The government’s consumer protection policy emphasises the protection of children and families, simplification and accessibility of dispute resolution procedures between consumers and businesses, ensuring effective cooperation between state authorities, and European Union legal harmonisation alongside environmental directive assurance. The pillars of task distribution include cooperating authorities, relevant government offices, conciliation bodies, as well as civil and advocacy organisations. The study, while outlining the structureand tools of the domestic consumer protection system, presents the outstanding efficiency and importance of domestic conciliation bodies on an international level, providing insight into achievements within the framework of European Union legal harmonisation. The latter is worth following with special attention, as Hungary will assume the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second half of 2024, with the honourable task of promoting legislative processes to protect consumer interests.A fogyasztóvédelmi szakmai irányítást hazánkban 2022-től az Igazságügyi Minisztérium látja el. A Kormány fogyasztóvédelmi politikájában kiemelt szerepet kap a gyermekek és családok védelme, a fogyasztók és vállalkozások közti vitarendezési eljárások egyszerűsítése és elérhetőbbé tétele, az állami szervek közti hatékony együttműködés biztosítása és az európai uniós jogharmonizáció a környezetvédelmi irányelvek biztosítása mellett. A feladatok megosztásának pillérei a társhatóságok, az illetékes kormányhivatalok, a békéltető testületek, továbbá a civil és érdekképviseleti szervezetek. A tanulmány mindamellett, hogy ismerteti a hazai fogyasztóvédelmi rendszer felépítését és eszközeit, bemutatja a hazai békéltető testületek nemzetközi szinten is kiemelkedő hatékonyságát és hatáskörének fontosságát, betekintést nyújt az európai uniós jogharmonizáció keretében elért vívmányokba is. Utóbbi kiemelt figyelemmel követendő, ugyanis 2024 második felében az Európai Unió Tanácsának soros elnökségét Magyarország láthatja el, amely megtisztelő feladat keretein belül nem titkolt cél a fogyasztói érdekek védelme érdekében jogszabályalkotási folyamatok előmozdítása

Addressing degradation of Ni/YSZ cermet fuel electrode in reversible solid oxide cells

Funding: This work was supported by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under the project “High efficiency reversible solid oxide cells for the integration of offshore renewable energy using hydrogen – expertise and track record of the team” (Grant Number: EP/W003686/1). The research group at the Institute of Power Engineering – National Research Institute acknowledges the IPE-NRI statutory grant, “Development of Reversible Solid Oxide Cells (SOC) Based on the Institute of Power Engineering's Technology for Power-to-X Systems”, for the project running from 2022 to 2024). EPSRC grants EP/T019298/1 and EP/R023751/1 are also acknowledged.Ni cermet fuel electrodes yield excellent electrochemical performance in solid oxide cells (SOCs), but their long-term stability is hindered by degradation mechanisms related to Ni agglomeration. While microstructure engineering can slow this degradation, it remains an intrinsic issue. Here, a new approach is presented to mitigate this degradation through infiltration of cerium oxides. This study shows that adding nanostructured CGO reduces degradation and enhances stability in the reversible mode. Although some agglomerations is observed, it does not impact cell performance. CGO-infiltrated cells exhibited no signs of degradation over 650-hours in reversible mode at 750°C, alternating between high hydrogen concentration (97% H2 and 3% H2O) at 0.8 V and high steam concentration (10% H2 and 90% H2O) at 1.27 V. Generated current increased in FC mode (from 0.20 to 0.31 Acm−2) and from 0.39 to 0.65 Acm−2 in EC mode. In contrast, non-infiltrated cells showed a decline in EC mode from 0.67 to 0.2 A cm−2 and in FC mode from 0.49 to 0.31 Acm−2 after 400h. This offers a promising route to improving SOCs. Ni agglomeration's minor effect on electrochemical activity suggests the reaction has moved from the triple-phase boundary at the electrode gas interface to the double-phase boundary.Peer reviewe

Progress of the IAHE Nuclear Hydrogen Division on international hydrogen production programs

This paper presents recent activities of the IAHE Nuclear Hydrogen Division and associated research advances in Canada, China, France, Germany, Poland, and Romania on programs and major initiatives on large-scale hydrogen production and utilization. Germany and France have made significant advances in high temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE). Germany is going to demonstrate a 3-kW steam electrolyzer and 100-kW Hybrid Sulfur Cycle powered by solar energy soon. France operated several HTSE 25-cell stacks at various operating points. Recently, a HTSE packaged system has been built, containing this 25-cell stack and other Balance of Plant components. At 700 °C, this system produces 1.2 Nm3/h of H2 with a total electrical consumption of 3.9 kWh/Nm3, achieving 92% of efficiency (electrical consumption of the system vs HHV of the produced hydrogen). It demonstrates that a 150 °C heat source temperature is sufficient for the steam generation, and that a slightly exothermic operating mode of the stack is sufficient to preheat the inlet gas up to 700 °C and compensate the heat losses of the system. China has also made significant progress in developing the HTSE process at a hydrogen production rate of 105 dm3/h and the thermochemical Sulfur–Iodine (SI) cycle at the rate of 60 dm3/h, which already achieved the goal of China's HTR-PM Demonstration Nuclear Power Plant Project. The components and facilities were developed and tested in Tsinghua University. Romania is collaborating with Canada on nuclear hydrogen production with the thermochemical Cu–Cl cycle. The individual unit operations of the Cu–Cl cycle have been verified experimentally. Research on integration of a laboratory scale system to produce 3 kg of hydrogen per day is underway at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology in Oshawa, Ontario. Poland has developed advanced simulation capabilities for Solid Oxide Fuel/Electrolysis Cells for hydrogen peak energy storage as well as laboratory scale experiments focused on solid oxide and molten carbonate fuel cells. This paper presents a review of activities of members of the IAHE Nuclear Hydrogen Division in these six countries

EU harmonised terminology for hydrogen generated by electrolysis

This report entitled EU harmonised terminology for hydrogen generated by electrolysis is prepared under the FWC between JRC and FCH2JU. It is the result of a collaborative effort between European partners from industry, research and development (R&D) organisations and academia participating to FCH2JU funded R&D projects3 in electrolysis applications. The objective of this pre-normative research (PNR) document is to present an open and comprehensive compendium of harmonised terminology which are encountered in electrolysis applications. As means of ordered knowledge representation, clarity of communication and open access to technical information, the commonly accepted terms and definitions of this compendium cover electrolysis R&I aspects. These aspects are materials research, modelling, design & engineering, analysis, characterisation, measurements, laboratory testing, prototype development and field tests including demonstration as well as quality assurance (QA). The commonly accepted definitions of terms and phrases may be used in RD&D project documents, test and measurement methods, testing procedures and protocols, scientific publications, and technical documentation. It is primarily intended for use by those involved in conducting RD&D as well as in drafting and evaluating R&I programme but also contains information which may be useful for others such as auditors, manufacturer, designer, system integrators, testing centres, service providers and educators. Note, the compendium is expandable to account for future power-to-hydrogen (P2H2) developments in energy storage (ES) particularly electrical energy storage (EES) and hydrogen-to-substance (H2X) applications.JRC.C.1 - Energy Storag

A személyi szabadság büntető eljárásjogi korlátai az emberi jogok európai egyezményének 5. cikkében

A tanulmány az emberi jogok európai egyezményének 5. cikkében szereplő rendelkezéseket és a strasbourgi bíróság vonatkozó eseti döntéseit mutatja be, amelyek a személyi szabadság korlátozására vonatkozóan állítanak fel minimumkövetelményeket a részes államok számára. Az egyezmény e cikke nagy jelentőséggel bír, hiszen a személyi szabadság elvonása a legintenzívebb beavatkozást jelenti az ember alapvető jogaiba a büntetőeljárás során, így különösen fontos a megfelelő jogvédelem biztosítása minden államban