Measured Probabilities of Detection for 1- and 2 Bitstreams of 2-port Car-roof Antenna in RIMP and Random-LOS

Autonomous cars will in a near future drive around in cities and on highways. Antennas will then be needed to secure the wireless connection to these cars. To be able to test the antennas we have defined two edge environments: the Random Line-of-Sight (LOS) and the Rich Isotropic Multipath (RIMP). This paper shows a throughput performance comparison between measurements and simulations of a car-roof (shark-fin) antenna mounted on a ground plane in both of these environments. The comparison is done for both one and two bitstreams in a 22 MIMO system. The analysis is based on probability of detection (PoD) curves representing the throughput performance with digital threshold receivers

RC Measurement Uncertainty Estimation Method for Directive Antennas and Turntable Stirring

This paper investigates measurement uncertainty in a Reverberation Chamber (RC) within the lower FR2 bands (24.25-29.5 GHz). The study focuses on the impact of several factors contributing to RC measurement uncertainty, including finite sample size, polarization imbalance, and spatial non-uniformity. A series of 24 measurements were conducted using a horn antenna, known for its directivity in mmWave frequencies, varying antenna parameters such as height, orientation, position on the turntable, and polarization within a predefined cham-ber volume. The measurement uncertainty was evaluated by a method based on the standardized 3GPP and CTIA approaches, incorporating uncorrelated measurements and analyzing Pearson correlation coefficients between measurement pairs. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the frequency-averaged power transfer function to identify the significance and impact of each variable on measurement variability. Additionally, the K-factor was estimated for each measurement set as part of the RC characterization, using an alternative approach to account for the turntable stirring effect. The findings highlight which variables most significantly influence measurement uncertainty, where the antenna orientation emerges as the most significant factor for the mmWave directive antenna setup.</p

Injury during pregnancy and nervous system birth defects: Texas, 1999 to 2003

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100279/1/bdra23143.pd

Constrained FoV Radiated Power as a Figure of Merit of Phased Arrays

In this paper, we propose quantifying the radiated power of phased arrays or, in general, directive antennas, by the Constrained-View Radiated Power (CVRP). The constrained view shall be interpreted here as the Field-of-View (FoV) of an antenna that defines a region in space where focusing the radiated power is highly desired. In the limiting cases, we have that CVRP equals the Total Radiated Power (TRP) when the FoV covers the whole sphere, while, if the FoV reduces to a single point in space, the CVRP equals the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). We further present an analysis based on measured radiation patterns of a 16-element, linearly polarized, millimeter-Wave (mmWave), planar phased array antenna operating at 28 GHz. We compare the results to two ideal planar array antennas with the same number of Huygens and cosine elements. The evaluated figure of merit is computed for different scanning angles, as well as for different malfunctions of antenna elements, both for the real and simulated arrays. The results show that the introduced figure of merit could be potentially used for the detection of malfunctioning elements in antenna arrays as well as to characterize the impact of scan loss. Furthermore, CVRP is useful to straightforwardly and significantly characterize the performance of a directive antenna in terms of the power radiated towards a specific region in space

Constrained FoV Radiated Power as a Figure of Merit of Phased Arrays

In this paper, we propose quantifying the radiated power of phased arrays or, in general, directive antennas, by the Constrained-View Radiated Power (CVRP). The constrained view shall be interpreted here as the Field-of-View (FoV) of an antenna that defines a region in space where focusing the radiated power is highly desired. In the limiting cases, we have that CVRP equals the Total Radiated Power (TRP) when the FoV covers the whole sphere, while, if the FoV reduces to a single point in space, the CVRP equals the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). We further present an analysis based on measured radiation patterns of a 16-element, linearly polarized, millimeter-Wave (mmWave), planar phased array antenna operating at 28 GHz. We compare the results to two ideal planar array antennas with the same number of Huygens and cosine elements. The evaluated figure of merit is computed for different scanning angles, as well as for different malfunctions of antenna elements, both for the real and simulated arrays. The results show that the introduced figure of merit could be potentially used for the detection of malfunctioning elements in antenna arrays as well as to characterize the impact of scan loss. Furthermore, CVRP is useful to straightforwardly and significantly characterize the performance of a directive antenna in terms of the power radiated towards a specific region in space

Total Radiated Power Measurements of a mmWave Phased Array in a Reverberation Chamber

This paper explores the use of reverberation chambers for TRP measurements of beamformed radiation by phased arrays at mmWave frequencies. First, the received power was verified by the one-sample K-S GoF test to follow the exponential probability distribution. Different numbers of samples and stirrers’ positions were considered. Second, we showed that the effective number of independent samples is different depending on the number of samples and stirrers’ positions. Third, the beamforming TRP estimates are presented for all beams, analyzing the statistical significance of the observed differences with a selection of samplings.</p

Using Reverberation Chambers to Test 5G-enabled Devices

In this paper we review the current status of over-the-air testing of 5G enables devices with emphasis on reverberation chamber technology. For 5G devices, beamforming is a central concept, thus the paper includes a discussion on beamforming aspects of 5G. We show, using simulations, how phase steered antenna arrays can be tested and faults detected in rich isotropic multipath-environments. A novel scheme for measuring directivity related quantities such as EIRP is introduced and limitations and advantages are listed. Results from transmitting a 5G NewRadio signal, carried at 28 GHz, measuring throughput is also demonstrated and some challenges are discussed