An Analysis of the Achille Lauro Affair: Towards an Effective and Legal Method of Bringing International Terrorists to Justice

This Note will propose five steps towards establishing an effective method of bringing terrorists to justice. Part I of this Note will detail the facts surrounding the Achille Lauro incident. Part II will discuss the laws governing extradition, including the obligations of Egypt and the United States arising under the United States-Egypt Extradition Treaty, the Convention Against the Taking of Hostages, and the doctrine of mala captus bene delentus. Part III will also discuss the international community\u27s historical inability to define terrorism. Part III will examine the legal precedent for acts of abduction. Part IV details the criticism of the use of abduction as an alternative to extradition, and examines the threat abduction poses to the international legal system, which depends upon voluntary compliance to be effective

Stepping in New Directions: The Canadian Army’s Observer Program in the Asia-Pacific Region, 1944-45

In early 1944, and in anticipation of a government decision to commit ground forces to the war against Japan, the Canadian army launched a program that sent officers to the Asia-Pacific region to observe Allied operations. The observer program was well underway when, in November 1944, the Canadian government ordered the army to prepare a division to serve under American command in the Pacific theatre. The observer program helped the army deal with two significant challenges: learning how to fight a largely unfamiliar enemy in a tropical environment, and learning how to operate as part of an American force

Diagnosis and the management constituency of small-scale fisheries

Diagnosis and adaptive management can help improve the ability of small-scale fisheries (SSF) in the developing world to better cope with and adapt to both external drivers and internal sources of uncertainty. This paper presents a framework for diagnosis and adaptive management and discusses ways of implementing the first two phases of learning: diagnosis and mobilising an appropriate management constituency. The discussion addresses key issues and suggests suitable approaches and tools as well as numerous sources of further information. Diagnosis of a SSF defines the system to be managed, outlines the scope of the management problem in terms of threats and opportunities, and aims to construct realistic and desired future projections for the fishery. These steps can clarify objectives and lead to development of indicators necessary for adaptive management. Before management, however, it is important to mobilize a management constituency to enact change. Ways of identifying stakeholders and understanding both enabling and obstructive interactions and management structures are outlined. These preliminary learning phases for adaptive SSF management are expected to work best if legitimised by collaborative discussion among fishery stakeholders drawing on multiple knowledge systems and participatory approaches to assessment. (PDF contains 33 pages

FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NORTH DAKOTA FARMS, 1999-2001

The performance of over 530 North Dakota farms, 1999-2001, is summarized using 16 financial measures. Farms are categorized by geographic region, farm type, farm size, gross cash sales, farm tenure, net farm income, debt-to-asset, and age of farmer to analyze relationships between financial performance and farm characteristics. Farm financial trends for the 1992-2001 period are also presented. Financial performance in 2001 declined for all 16 measures, except interest expense ratio, because of lower government subsidies, higher costs and continued low commodity prices. Financial performance in 2000 and 1999 was the highest since 1993 because low crop prices were offset by extraordinary government and crop insurance payments, good yields and improved beef cattle prices. Median net farm income was 27,729 in 2001, $45,085 in 2000 and$42,009 in 1999.Farm financial management, farm management, farm income, liquidity, solvency, profitability, repayment capacity, financial efficiency, financial benchmarks, tenure, North Dakota., Agricultural Finance,

FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NORTH DAKOTA FARMS 2005-2006

The performance of over 500 North Dakota farms, 2005-2006, is summarized using 16 financial measures. Farms are categorized by geographic region, farm type, farm size, gross cash sales, farm tenure, net farm income, debt-to-asset, and age of farmer to analyze relationships between financial performance and farm characteristics. Five-year averages, 2001-2005, and farm financial trends for the 1997-2006 period are also presented. In 2006, median and average acreage per farm was 1,966 and 2,386, respectively. Median and average cash farm revenue was $281,751 and$361,418, respectively. Financial performance is volatile. Year-to-year changes in median net farm income within regions and farm types averaged 50 percent from 1997 to 2006. Median net farm income in 2006 was the lowest in five years, $35,980, and ranged from$83,970 in the Red River Valley to only $689 in the west region which was the lowest for any region over the 1997-2006 period. In 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004 the rate of return on equity exceeded the rate of return on assets, which indicates that debt capital was employed profitably. Interest expense as a percent of gross revenue improved from 1997-2004, but increased in 2005 and 2006 because of higher debt and interest rates. The Red River Valley and crop farms had stronger profitability, solvency and repayment capacity from 1997 to 2006 than other regions and farm types, respectively, except in 2005 when the south central region and livestock farms had better performance. Farms with sales less than$100,000 were over twice as likely to have debt-to-asset higher than 70 percent than were farms with sales greater than $500,000. Farms that own some crop land, but less than 40 percent are more likely to be crop farms, farm more acreage, have larger sales, and be more profitable. As expected, solvency and percent of crop land owned increased with farmer age.Farm financial management, farm management, farm income, liquidity, solvency, profitability, repayment capacity, financial efficiency, financial benchmarks, tenure, North Dakota., Agricultural Finance,

Financial Characteristics of North Dakota Farms 2001-2010

The performance of over 500 North Dakota farms, 2001-2010, is summarized using 16 financial measures. Farms are categorized by geographic region, farm type, farm size, gross cash sales, farm tenure, net farm income, debt-to-asset, and age of farmer to analyze relationships between financial performance and farm characteristics. Five-year averages, 2005-2009, are also presented. In 2010, median and average acreage per farm was 2,010 and 2,579, respectively. Median and average cash farm revenue was $469,023 and$631,920, respectively. Over 70% of farms were crop farms and 47 percent of farms had gross sales exceeding $500,000. Median age of farm operators was 47. Median net farm income in 2010 was$174,010, up sharply from $47,547 in 2009. Financial measures for 2010, 2008 and 2007 were much superior to those in other years for the 2001-2010 period. The Red River Valley and crop farms typically had stronger profitability, solvency, and repayment capacity from 2001 to 2010 than other regions and farm types, respectively. Exceptions were 2007 and 2009 when the north central region had the best regional performance and 2005 when the south central region and livestock farms had better performance. The 2010 median net farm income was$239,426 for crop farms and $48,775 for livestock farms. Farms with sales less than$500,000 were over twice as likely to have debt-to-asset higher than 70 percent as farms with sales greater than $500,000. Farms that own some crop land, but less than 40 percent were more likely to be crop farms, farm more acreage, have larger sales, and be more profitable. As expected, solvency and percent of crop land owned increased with farmer age. Median net farm income as a percent of gross revenue was the highest of the decade in 2010, 33.1 percent, and the lowest in 2009, 13.4 percent. It was 24 percent in 2008 and 30.6 percent in 2007 after ranging from 22.4 to 14 percent between 2001 and 2006Farm financial management, farm management, farm income, liquidity, solvency, profitability, repayment capacity, financial efficiency, financial benchmarks, tenure, North Dakota., Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Financial Economics,

Viability of subitaneous eggs of the copepod, Acartia tonsa (Dana), following exposure to various cryoprotectants and hypersaline water

Subitaneous eggs were obtained from monocultures of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana), Gulf of Mexico strain. Eggs were exposed to methanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, and DMSO at 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 M and hypersaline water at 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 g/L. Treatments were evaluated after 10 and 20 min of exposure and at 4 and 26 °C. Viability (percent hatched) was determined after 24 h of incubation in 35 g/L saltwater at 26 °C. Methanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerine had high viability up to 2M, and all experienced large decreases at 5M when the exposure temperature was 26 °C compared to 4 °C. Eggs exposed to propylene glycol had lower mean viability with greater variability at the lower concentrations although viability was greater than 81.4% at 2 M. Significant decreases in viability were observed at 5 M, and the decreases were much greater at an exposure temperature of 26 °C versus 4 °C. DMSO exposed at 26 °C produced high viability up to 1 M before significant decreases occurred, while an exposure temperature of 4 °C produced high viability up to 2 M. Viability of eggs exposed to hypersaline water of 50, 75, and 100 g/L were not significantly different from controls for all treatment combinations except the 26 °C temperature exposed for 20 min, which was significantly lower at 100 g/L. Concentrations of 150 and 200 g/L produced very few to no viable eggs. These results indicate further research is justified to investigate if viability of A. tonsa eggs can be protected by these cryoprotectants and hypersaline water after exposure to cryopreservation conditions