Impact of volatile phenols and their precursors on wine quality and control measures of Brettanomyces/Dekkera yeasts

Volatile phenols are aromatic compounds and one of the key molecules responsible for olfactory defects in wine. The yeast genus Brettanomyces is the only major microorganism that has the ability to covert hydroxycinnamic acids into important levels of these compounds, especially 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol, in red wine. When 4-ethylphenols reach concentrations greater than the sensory threshold, all wine’s organoleptic characteristics might be influenced or damaged. The aim of this literature review is to provide a better understanding of the physicochemical, biochemical, and metabolic factors that are related to the levels of p-coumaric acid and volatile phenols in wine. Then, this work summarizes the different methods used for controlling the presence of Brettanomyces in wine and the production of ethylphenols

An integrated genomic approach to dissect the genetic landscape regulating the cell-to-cell transfer of α-synuclein

Neuropathological and experimental evidence suggests that the cell-to-cell transfer of α-synuclein has an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not fully understood. We undertook a small interfering RNA (siRNA), genome-wide screen to identify genes regulating the cell-to-cell transfer of α-synuclein. A genetically encoded reporter, GFP-2A-αSynuclein-RFP, suitable for separating donor and recipient cells, was transiently transfected into HEK cells stably overexpressing α-synuclein. We find that 38 genes regulate the transfer of α-synuclein-RFP, one of which is ITGA8, a candidate gene identified through a recent PD genome-wide association study (GWAS). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and weighted protein-protein network interaction analysis (WPPNIA) show that those hits cluster in networks that include known PD genes more frequently than expected by random chance. The findings expand our understanding of the mechanism of α-synuclein spread

DNA Barcoding Data Reveal Important Overlooked Diversity of <i>Cortinarius</i> sensu lato (<i>Agaricales</i>, <i>Basidiomycota</i>) in the Romanian Carpathians

Cortinarius s.l. is a globally distributed agaricoid genus that has been well studied in Europe with over 1000 described species. However, the information about their taxonomy and diversity in eastern Central Europe is still limited. Only 124 species have been reported so far from Romania, based solely on morphological observations. The aim of this study was to re-examine the diversity of the genus Cortinarius s.l. in the Romanian Carpathian area, employing molecular phylogenetic and morphological methods. During intensive field work in the period 2017–2020, a total of 234 Cortinarius s.l. specimens were collected and studied with integrative taxonomic methods. For all the samples, we amplified and sequenced the nrDNA ITS region, which is the widely used official barcode marker of fungi. These sequences were compared to the data found in public databases (GenBank, UNITE, BOLD). Based on phylogenetic analyses, we identified 109 Cortinarius s.l. species, which represent 40 sections and 3 clades. Out of these species, 43 have previously been documented from Romania based on morphological identification methods, while 66 species are reported as new to the country

Cryptic survival and an unexpected recovery of the long-tailed mayfly <i>Palingenia longicauda</i> (Olivier, 1791) (Ephemeroptera: Palingeniidae) in Southeastern Europe

AbstractOnce widespread in the large European rivers, Palingenia longicauda underwent a drastic range contraction as a result of the intense pollution and hydromorphological interventions of the 19th and 20th centuries. For the last decades it was considered to be restricted only to the Tisa River and its tributaries, and to the Rába River, but new reports indicated its presence in the Danube River in Hungary, in the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine, and in the Prut River in the Republic of Moldova.The objective of this study is to analyze the phylogeographic pattern between the two main eco-regions (Pannon and Pontic) of the species distribution, based on the combined mitochondrial COI (472 bp) and 16S (464 bp) sequences generated for individuals collected in Romania and Ukraine, and from publicly available ones, representing the Tisa catchment populations.The presence of viable populations in the Danube Delta and on the Prut River in Romania is confirmed, and additional presence on the Mure□ and Bega rivers from Romania, and on the Styr and Horyn’ rivers in Northern Ukraine is shown.The phylogeographic results indicate that the presence of the analyzed populations are not the result of recent founding events from the Pannon region, confirming the survival and expansion of cryptic local lineages.The recent recovery of the species may be related to the improvement of water quality as a result of the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and the EU Floods Directive after 2000.</jats:p

Validation Of The Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area And Severity Index And Pskindex27 For Use In Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Objective To determine the measurement properties of the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) and the paediatric adaptation of the Skindex29 (pSkindex27) when used in childhood-onset SLE (cSLE). Methods Patients with mucocutaneous involvement of cSLE were evaluated at the study entry and 6 months later. Besides the CLASI and pSkindex27, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core scale (PedsQL-GC), its Rheumatology Module (PedsQL-RM), the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and the SLE Damage Index (SDI) were completed. Results The CLASI and pSkindex27 had high internal consistency (both Cronbach α >0.82). Children were able to complete the pSkindex27, with self-report and caregiver proxy-reports showing excellent agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.97). The CLASI Activity Score (CLASI-A) was strongly correlated with the mucocutaneous domain score of the SLEDAI as was the CLASI Damage Score (CLASI-D) with that of the SDI (both: Spearman correlation coefficients (rs) >0.68). pSkindex27 summary scores were moderately correlated with those of the PedsQL-GC and PedsQL-RM (all: rs >|0.51|), the CLASI-A and CLASI-D (both: rs > 0.64), respectively. Patients who experienced a >50% improvement of the CLASI-A between study visits had significantly higher PedsQL-GC and pSkindex27 scores than those without improvement of mucocutaneous features. Conclusion Both CLASI and pSkindex27 are useful assessment tools in cSLE, active and chronic mucocutaneous lesions and their changes over time can be measured using the CLASI and the pSkindex27 can capture the impact of mucocutaneous involvement on patient health-related quality of life.PubMedScopu

A new Diplolepis Geoffroy (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Diplolepidini) species from China: a rare example of a rose gall-inducer of economic significance

Volume: 904Start Page: 131-14