Mapping Local Perspectives in the Historical Archaeology of Vanuatu Mission Landscapes

The concept of place is a powerful theoretical tool in the social sciences and humanities, which can be especially useful in archaeological work that involves community-based collaboration. Using place as a starting point, archaeologists can beneficially use their skills to answer questions that are of relevance to the local communities with which we work while also advancing knowledge about the past. For historical archaeology, this often involves engaging in dialogue across multiple lines of evidence, including material remains from the past, written documents, and local oral traditions. Recent fieldwork on the islands of Erromango and Tanna, Vanuatu, exploring early landscapes relating to Christian conversion uses this kind of approach. A major part of preliminary survey work involves mapping features in the mission sites and surrounding areas. Archaeological cartographic techniques help build a sense of place that provides engaging research for a collaborative environment with local Melanesian communities, while also producing new perspectives on colonialism in the South Pacific. This approach is not limited to the recent past, being applicable to any collaborative, community-based archaeological research that incorporates the use of oral traditions

Foreign Discovery and U.S. Antitrust Policy--The Conflict Resolving Mechanisms

A look back at the last thirty years of United States antitrust\u27s foreign voyages of discovery among friendly nations reveals a picture too often resembling not so much an era of good feeling as a thirty years war. Following hard upon Judge Hand\u27s famous formulation of the effects doctrine in Alcoa in 1946 the Antitrust Division conducted a series of investigations in which compulsory process was used to seek documents located in foreign nations. Prodded by what they viewed as U.S. antitrust authorities\u27 impermissible overreaching, the affected countries began to enact defensive blocking statutes. The passage by Canada\u27s Ontario Province of the Business Records Protection Act started this trend in 1947. The reaction continued with the Province of Quebec quickly enacting its own statute. In later years, Great Britain enacted its Shipping Contracts and Commercial Documents Act; the Netherlands installed Article 39 of their Economic Competition Act, and so it has gone almost to the present. The most recent examples are the Amendments to Canada\u27s Atomic Energy Act and Australia\u27s Foreign Proceeding (Prohibition of Certain Evidence) Act. Both were passed in 1976 to prevent documents relative to the worldwide uranium marketing arrangements from falling within the grasp of our grand jury. Interestingly, the refusal to accede to U.S. compulsory process in foreign territories does not indicate implacable opposition to underlying antitrust principles. While United States antitrust had a head start, a significant number of nations have caught up with us and today we come together frequently to discuss problems of restrictive business practice control with our trading partners in multilateral and bilateral contexts. There is strong international consensus that restrictive business practices cutting across national boundaries must be governmentally controlled

Biphasic Elimination of Tenofovir Diphosphate and Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of Zidovudine Triphosphate in a Microdosing Study

Objective: Phase 0 studies can provide initial pharmacokinetics (PKs) data in humans and help to facilitate early drug development, but their predictive value for standard dosing is controversial. To evaluate the prediction of microdosing for active intracellular drug metabolites, we compared the PK profile of 2 antiretroviral drugs, zidovudine (ZDV) and tenofovir (TFV), in microdose and standard dosing regimens. Study Design: We administered a microdose (100 μg) of [superscript 14]C-labeled drug (ZDV or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) with or without a standard unlabelled dose (300 mg) to healthy volunteers. Both the parent drug in plasma and the active metabolite, ZDV-triphosphate (ZDV-TP) or TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4[superscript +] cells were measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. Results: The intracellular ZDV-TP concentration increased less than proportionally over the dose range studied (100 μg–300 mg), whereas the intracellular TFV-DP PKs were linear over the same dose range. ZDV-TP concentrations were lower in CD4[superscript +] cells versus total PBMCs, whereas TFV-DP concentrations were not different in CD4[superscript +] cells and PBMCs. Conclusions: Our data were consistent with a rate-limiting step in the intracellular phosphorylation of ZDV but not TFV. Accelerator mass spectrometry shows promise for predicting the PK of active intracellular metabolites of nucleosides, but nonlinearity of PK may be seen with some drugs.Johns Hopkins University (Institute for Clinical and Translational Research CTSA Grant UL1-RR025005

Breaking down automaticity: Case ambiguity and the shift to reflective approaches in clinical reasoning

Context: Two modes of case processing have been shown to underlie diagnostic judgements: analytical and non-analytical reasoning. An optimal form of clinical reasoning is suggested to combine both modes. Conditions leading doctors to shift from the usual mode of non-analytical reasoning to reflective reasoning have not been identified. This paper reports a study aimed at exploring these conditions by investigating the effects of ambiguity of clinical cases on clinical reasoning. Methods: Participants were 16 internal medicine residents in the Brazilian state of Ceará. They were asked to diagnose 20 clinical cases and recall case information. The independent variable was the degree of ambiguity of clinical cases, with 2 levels: straightforward (i.e. non-ambiguous) and ambiguous. Dependent variables were processing time, diagnostic accuracy and proposition per category recalled. Data were analysed using a repeated measures design. Results: Participants processed straightforward cases faster and more accurately than ambiguous ones. The proportion of text propositions recalled was significantly lower (t[15] = 2.29, P = 0.037) in ambiguous cases, and an interaction effect between case version and proposition category was also found (F[5, 75] = 4.52, P = 0.001, d = 0.232, observed power = 0.962). Furthermore, participants recalled significantly more literal propositions from the ambiguous cases than from the straightforward cases (t[15] = 2.28, P = 0.037). Conclusions: Ambiguity of clinical cases was shown to lead residents to switch from automatic to reflective reasoning, as indicated by longer processing time, and more literal propositions recalled in ambiguous cases