Space Station Freedom pressurized element interior design process

The process used to develop the on-orbit working and living environment of the Space Station Freedom has some very unique constraints and conditions to satisfy. The goal is to provide maximum efficiency and utilization of the available space, in on-orbit, zero G conditions that establishes a comfortable, productive, and safe working environment for the crew. The Space Station Freedom on-orbit living and working space can be divided into support for three major functions: (1) operations, maintenance, and management of the station; (2) conduct of experiments, both directly in the laboratories and remotely for experiments outside the pressurized environment; and (3) crew related functions for food preparation, housekeeping, storage, personal hygiene, health maintenance, zero G environment conditioning, and individual privacy, and rest. The process used to implement these functions, the major requirements driving the design, unique considerations and constraints that influence the design, and summaries of the analysis performed to establish the current configurations are described. Sketches and pictures showing the layout and internal arrangement of the Nodes, U.S. Laboratory and Habitation modules identify the current design relationships of the common and unique station housekeeping subsystems. The crew facilities, work stations, food preparation and eating areas (galley and wardroom), and exercise/health maintenance configurations, waste management and personal hygiene area configuration are shown. U.S. Laboratory experiment facilities and maintenance work areas planned to support the wide variety and mixtures of life science and materials processing payloads are described

How Competent Are Emergency Medicine Interns for Level 1 Milestones: Who Is Responsible?

Objectives The Next Accreditation System ( NAS ) of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education ( ACGME ) includes the implementation of developmental milestones for each specialty. The milestones include five progressively advancing skill levels, with Level 1 defining the skill level of a medical student graduate, and Level 5, that of an attending physician. The goal of this study was to query interns on how well they thought their medical school had prepared them to meet the proposed emergency medicine ( EM ) Level 1 milestones. Methods In July 2012, an electronic survey was distributed to the interns of 13 EM residency programs, asking interns whether they were taught and assessed on the proposed Level 1 milestones. Results Of possible participants, 113 of 161 interns responded (70% response rate). The interns represented all four regions of the country. The interns responded that the rates of Level 1 milestones they had been taught ranged from 61% for ultrasound to 98% for performance of focused history and physical examination. A substantial number of interns (up to 39%) reported no instruction on milestones such as patient disposition, pain management, and vascular access. Graduating medical students were less commonly assessed than taught the milestones. Skills with technology, including “explain the role of the electronic health record and computerized physician order entry,” were assessed for only 39% of interns, and knowledge ( USMLE ) and history and physical were assessed in nearly all interns. Disposition, ultrasound, multitasking, and wound management were assessed less than half of the time. Conclusions Many entering EM interns may not have had either teaching or assessment on the knowledge, skills, and behaviors making up the Level 1 milestones expected for graduating medical students. Thus, there is a potential gap in the teaching and assessment of EM interns. Based on these findings, it is unclear who will be responsible (medical schools, EM clerkships, or residency programs) for ensuring that medical students entering residency have achieved Level 1 milestones. Resumen Competencia de los Residentes de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias para el Nivel 1: ¿Quién es el Responsable? El próximo sistema de acreditación ( NAS , Next Accreditation System ) del Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education ( ACGME ) incluye la implementación de objetivos por área de desarrollo para cada especialidad. Los objetivos por área incluyen cinco niveles de habilidades progresivamente avanzadas, con un nivel 1 definido por el nivel de habilidad de un estudiante licenciado de medicina, y un nivel definido por el nivel, de un médico adjunto. El objetivo de este estudio fue preguntar a los residentes cómo pensaban que sus universidades les habían preparado para alcanzar los objetivos por área de nivel 1 propuestos en medicina de urgencias y emergencias ( MUE ). Metodología En julio de 2012, se distribuyó una encuesta electrónica a los residentes de 13 programas de residencia de MUE , preguntándoles si estaban formados y evaluados en los objetivos por área de nivel 1 propuestos. Resultados De los posibles participantes, 113 de 161 residentes (70%) respondieron. Los residentes representaban las cuatro regiones del país. Los residentes respondieron que los porcentajes de objetivos por área de nivel 1 en los que se habían formado variaron del 61% para la ecografía al 98% para la realización de la historia clínica y la exploración física. Un número importante de residentes (hasta un 39%) respondieron no formarse en objetivos por áreas tales como la ubicación del paciente, el manejo del dolor y el acceso vascular. Los estudiantes licenciados de medicina fueron menos frecuentemente evaluados que formados en los objetivos por área. Las habilidades con la tecnología, incluyendo la explicación del rol de la historia clínica electrónica y la solicitud de órdenes médicas computarizadas, se evaluaron sólo en el 39% de los residentes y el conocimiento ( USMLE , United States Medical Licensing Examination ) y la historia clínica y exploración física se evaluaron en casi todos los residentes. Es más, la ubicación, la ecografía, la multitarea y el manejo de heridas se evaluaron en menos de la mitad de las ocasiones. Conclusiones Muchos de los residentes que se inician en MUE pueden no haber tenido formación o evaluación en el conocimiento, las habilidades y los comportamientos preparatorios para los objetivos por área de nivel 1 esperados para los estudiantes licenciados de medicina. Además, hay una brecha potencial en la formación y la evaluación de los residentes de MUE . En base a estos hallazgos, no está claro quién será el responsable, las facultades de medicina, la administración de la MUE o los programas de residencia, para asegurar que los estudiantes de medicina que entren en la residencia hayan alcanzado los objetivos por área de nivel 1.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/99036/1/acem12162.pd

Midlife mind

In your 40s or 50s? Feeling a bit slow on the courts and around the office? Sorry, boomer. It's too soon to blame it on your aging brain.Story by Janet L. Hopson, MA '75, Author of Magic Trees of the Mind ; photo illustrations by Nancy O'Connor and Rob Hil

Marketing a tourism industry in late stage decline: The case of the Isle of Man

Qualitative interviews in the Isle of Man uncovered local perceptions of a tourism industry in late stage decline. Social impacts of decline are pronounced including facilities loss, cultural changes and a heightening of perceived peripherality: which taken together undermine local identity. Tourists are welcomed as they help to affirm the pride residents have in their island in creating a more active atmosphere, provide social interaction opportunities and to combat negative stereotyping. Thus findings emphasise the diverse, unique and persistent benefits of tourism in the Isle of Man, despite its decline. Destination marketing recommendations are therefore made to better address the experiences and desires of communities experiencing decline

Geology of part of the eastern Blue Ridge, northeast Georgia and the adjacent Carolinas

Detailed geologic mapping in the Lake Burton and Hightower Bald quadrangles of northeastern Georgia reveals the eastern Blue Ridge may be subdivided into four major fault-bounded tectonic units, each characterized by distinct differences in stratigraphy. Mafic rocks of the Lake Burton complex and associated metasedimentary rocks of the Otto Formation are exposed in a complex window bounded by the Chattahoochee fault to the southeast and the Soque River fault to the northwest. The Chattahoochee thrust sheet is composed of Late Proterozoic basement overlain by metasedimentary sequences of the Tallulah Falls Formation. The Soque River thrust sheet consists of metaigneous and metasedimentary rocks of the Coweeta Group, which are preserved in a macroscopic synform. This synform is truncated to the north by the Shope Fork fault. Rocks exposed north of the Shope Fork fault are predominantly metasedi-mentary sequences and associated mafic rocks of uncertain stratigraphic affinity; they have been tentatively correlated with portions of the Tallulah Falls Formation and Coweeta Group, but may also contain basement units. The crystalline rocks of the eastern Blue Ridge reflect a complex deformational history involving multiple episodes of folding accompanied by moderate- to high-grade metamorphism. All of the tectonic units experienced similar deformational histories and contain up to six genera-tions of folds. Early folding was coeval with upper amphibolite facies metamorphism, whereas subsequent folds and faults developed as temperatures and pressures diminished, and successive generations of folds formed by distinctly different mechanisms. Early folds are typically isoclinal passive- to flexural-flow folds, whereas later folds are broad open flexural-slip folds. The charac-ter of associated foliations also changes with time; early foliations include penetrative gneissic banding and schistosity, whereas later fabrics are typically spaced crenulation cleavages. Detailed geologic mapping and structural analysis indicate that faulting in the crystalline rocks of the eastern Blue Ridge did not develop in a simple forward (northwest)-propagating manner. Structural and metamorphic constraints on the timing of faulting suggest that out-o-fsequence faults are common, i.e., younger faults developed in the hanging walls of older faults or older faults are truncated in the footwalls of younger faults. Macroscopic map patterns indicate the following relationships: 1. The Chunky Gal Mountain fault is crosscut by the pre- to synmetamorphic Hayesville fault. 2. The Soque River fault is truncated by the Shope Fork fault. 3. The Chattahoochee fault overlaps the Soque River fault. Structural and stratigraphic criteria indicate the core fault framing the Tallulah Falls dome developed as a minor fault entirely within the hanging wall of the Chattahoochee fault. The development of the core fault, recumbent fold nappes of the Tallulah Falls dome, shear zone 1 (located along the southeastern flank of the Tallulah Falls dome), the Chattahoochee fault, and possibly the Soque River fault can be viewed as a progressive post-metamorphic peak event leading to the development of a variety of northwest-vergent structures. Dextral strike-slip fabrics of the Dahlonega gold belt postdate formation of these structures. The relationship of these fabrics to similar features to the southeast is uncertain, but they may reflect the early stages of dextral shearing observed in the western Piedmont (Brevard fault zone) and eastern Blue Ridge (shear zone II (located along the southern flank of the Tallulah Falls dome)). The Alleghanian Rosman thrust fault, which bounds the eastern Blue Ridge to the southeast, post dates dextral shearing and is the youngest major fault observed in this region. The Warwoman and Lake Rabun lineaments are filled with siliceous cataclasite, but exhibit only minor displace-ment. These lineaments are thought to be roughly coeval with Mesozoic diabase dikes. Rocks of the Lake Burton mafic-ultramafic complex are preserved in a synform cored by amphibolite and associated metasedimentary rocks. The synform is incompletely framed by metagabbro and coarse-grained amphibolite to the north and southeast. All of the mafic rocks are interpreted to have igneous protoliths based on field relations, textural criteria, and geochemistry. Metagabbro of the northern plutonic sequence is interpreted to have formed from the same parent magma as amphibolite of the central layered sequence. Metagabbro of the southern plutonic sequence is geochemically different from the rest of the Lake Burton complex, suggest-ing it may have experienced a different petrogenetic history. Tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest the metavolcanic rocks of the central layered sequence may have originated in an island arc

Factors That Influence Medical Student Selection of an Emergency Medicine Residency Program: Implications for Training Programs

Objectives:  An understanding of student decision‐making when selecting an emergency medicine (EM) training program is essential for program directors as they enter interview season. To build upon preexisting knowledge, a survey was created to identify and prioritize the factors influencing candidate decision‐making of U.S. medical graduates. Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional, multi‐institutional study that anonymously surveyed U.S. allopathic applicants to EM training programs. It took place in the 3‐week period between the 2011 National Residency Matching Program (NRMP) rank list submission deadline and the announcement of match results. Results:  Of 1,525 invitations to participate, 870 candidates (57%) completed the survey. Overall, 96% of respondents stated that both geographic location and individual program characteristics were important to decision‐making, with approximately equal numbers favoring location when compared to those who favored program characteristics. The most important factors in this regard were preference for a particular geographic location (74.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 72% to 78%) and to be close to spouse, significant other, or family (59.7%, 95% CI = 56% to 63%). Factors pertaining to geographic location tend to be out of the control of the program leadership. The most important program factors include the interview experience (48.9%, 95% CI = 46% to 52%), personal experience with the residents (48.5%, 95% CI = 45% to 52%), and academic reputation (44.9%, 95% CI = 42% to 48%). Unlike location, individual program factors are often either directly or somewhat under the control of the program leadership. Several other factors were ranked as the most important factor a disproportionate number of times, including a rotation in that emergency department (ED), orientation (academic vs. community), and duration of training (3‐year vs. 4‐year programs). For a subset of applicants, these factors had particular importance in overall decision‐making. Conclusions:  The vast majority of applicants to EM residency programs employed a balance of geographic location factors with individual program factors in selecting a residency program. Specific program characteristics represent the greatest opportunity to maximize the success of the immediate interview experience/season, while others provide potential for strategic planning over time. A working knowledge of these results empowers program directors to make informed decisions while providing an appreciation for the limitations in attracting applicants.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91198/1/ACEM_1323_sm_DataSupplementS1.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91198/2/j.1553-2712.2012.01323.x.pd

“Never give up.” Adjudicated girls’ school experiences and implications for academic success

There is limited literature on best practices for promoting academic success for adjudicated girls. The goal of this qualitative study was to elicit information about the educational experiences of female juvenile offenders within a residential facility. Interviews with 10 girls and two teachers were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed for narratives pertaining to success stories and challenges the girls faced in educational settings. Themes were: Barriers in school; Individual Characteristics that Promote Success; Coping Skills; Relationships that Promote Success; School Environments that Promote Success; Transitioning to Traditional Schools. Findings inform strategies to promote academic success for detained youth. The authors discuss implications for school social workers and other school-based behavioral health providers

Hydrodynamics of fossil fishes

Fromtheir earliest origins, fishes have developed a suite of adaptations for locomotion in water, which determine performance and ultimately fitness. Even without data from behaviour, soft tissue and extant relatives, it is possible to infer a wealth of palaeobiological and palaeoecological information. As in extant species, aspects of gross morphology such as streamlining, fin position and tail type are optimized even in the earliest fishes, indicating similar life strategies have been present throughout their evolutionary history. As hydrodynamical studies become more sophisticated, increasingly complex fluid movement can be modelled, including vortex formation and boundary layer control. Drag-reducing riblets ornamenting the scales of fast-moving sharks have been subjected to particularly intense research, but this has not been extended to extinct forms. Riblets are a convergent adaptation seen in many Palaeozoic fishes, and probably served a similar hydrodynamic purpose. Conversely, structures which appear to increase skin friction may act as turbulisors, reducing overall dragwhile serving a protective function. Here,we examine the diverse adaptions that contribute to drag reduction in modern fishes and review the few attempts to elucidate the hydrodynamics of extinct forms

Elevated extinction rates as a trigger for diversification rate shifts: early amniotes as a case study

Tree shape analyses are frequently used to infer the location of shifts in diversification rate within the Tree of Life. Many studies have supported a causal relationship between shifts and temporally coincident events such as the evolution of “key innovations”. However, the evidence for such relationships is circumstantial. We investigated patterns of diversification during the early evolution of Amniota from the Carboniferous to the Triassic, subjecting a new supertree to analyses of tree balance in order to infer the timing and location of diversification shifts. We investigated how uneven origination and extinction rates drive diversification shifts, and use two case studies (herbivory and an aquatic lifestyle) to examine whether shifts tend to be contemporaneous with evolutionary novelties. Shifts within amniotes tend to occur during periods of elevated extinction, with mass extinctions coinciding with numerous and larger shifts. Diversification shifts occurring in clades that possess evolutionary innovations do not coincide temporally with the appearance of those innovations, but are instead deferred to periods of high extinction rate. We suggest such innovations did not cause increases in the rate of cladogenesis, but allowed clades to survive extinction events. We highlight the importance of examining general patterns of diversification before interpreting specific shifts

A basal lithostrotian titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) with a complete skull: Implications for the evolution and paleobiology of titanosauria

We describe Sarmientosaurus musacchioi gen. et sp. nov., a titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian - Turonian) Lower Member of the Bajo Barreal Formation of southern Chubut Province in central Patagonia, Argentina. The holotypic and only known specimen consists of an articulated, virtually complete skull and part of the cranial and middle cervical series. Sarmientosaurus exhibits the following distinctive features that we interpret as autapomorphies: (1) maximum diameter of orbit nearly 40% rostrocaudal length of cranium; (2) complex maxilla - lacrimal articulation, in which the lacrimal clasps the ascending ramus of the maxilla; (3) medial edge of caudal sector of maxillary ascending ramus bordering bony nasal aperture with low but distinct ridge; (4) ´tongue-like´ ventral process of quadratojugal that overlaps quadrate caudally; (5) separate foramina for all three branches of the trigeminal nerve; (6) absence of median venous canal connecting infundibular region to ventral part of brainstem; (7) subvertical premaxillary, procumbent maxillary, and recumbent dentary teeth; (8) cervical vertebrae with ´strut-like´ centroprezygapophyseal laminae; (9) extremely elongate and slender ossified tendon positioned ventrolateral to cervical vertebrae and ribs. The cranial endocast of Sarmientosaurus preserves some of the most complete information obtained to date regarding the brain and sensory systems of sauropods. Phylogenetic analysis recovers the new taxon as a basal member of Lithostrotia, as the most plesiomorphic titanosaurian to be preserved with a complete skull. Sarmientosaurus provides a wealth of new cranial evidence that reaffirms the close relationship of titanosaurs to Brachiosauridae. Moreover, the presence of the relatively derived lithostrotian Tapuiasaurus in Aptian deposits indicates that the new Patagonian genus represents a ´ghost lineage´ with a comparatively plesiomorphic craniodental form, the evolutionary history of which is missing for at least 13 million years of the Cretaceous. The skull anatomy of Sarmientosaurus suggests that multiple titanosaurian species with dissimilar cranial structures coexisted in the early Late Cretaceous of southern South America. Furthermore, the new taxon possesses a number of distinctive morphologies - such as the ossified cervical tendon, extremely pneumatized cervical vertebrae, and a habitually downward- facing snout - that have rarely, if ever, been documented in other titanosaurs, thus broadening our understanding of the anatomical diversity of this remarkable sauropod clade. The latter two features were convergently acquired by at least one penecontemporaneous diplodocoid, and may represent mutual specializations for consuming low-growing vegetation.Fil: Martínez, Rubén Darío. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia; ArgentinaFil: Lamanna, Matthew C.. Carnegie Museum Of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Novas, Fernando Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Ridgely, Ryan C.. Ohio University College Of Osteopathic Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Casal, Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia; ArgentinaFil: Martínez, Javier E.. Hospital Regional de Comodoro Rivadavia; ArgentinaFil: Vita, Javier R.. Resonancia Magnética Borelli; ArgentinaFil: Witmer, Lawrence M.. Ohio University College Of Osteopathic Medicine; Estados Unido