Redescription of Arcotheres tivelae (Gordon, 1936), a pea crab endemic to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

Ng, Peter K. L., Clark, Paul F., Naderloo, Reza (2022): Redescription of Arcotheres tivelae (Gordon, 1936), a pea crab endemic to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Zootaxa 5141 (3): 277-286, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.

Arcotheres tivelae

Arcotheres tivelae (Gordon, 1936) (Figs. 1–5) Pinnotheres tivelae Gordon, 1936: 167, 174, fig. 4; Silas & Alagarswami 1967: 1211; Schmitt et al. 1973: 89; Saeedi & Ardalan 2010: 355. Arcotheres tivelae — Ng et al. 2008: 248; Naderloo 2017: 421, figs. 38.1, 38.2, 38.5a, 38.6; De Gier & Becker 2020: 21; Ng & Ahyong 2022: 143. Arcotheres placunae —Naderloo & Türkay 2012: 54; Naderloo et al. 2013: 450, tab. 1; Ng & Ahyong 2022: tab. 1. (Not Pinnoteres placunae Hornell & Southwell, 1909). Type material examined. Holotype: female (13.6 × 11.5 mm) (NHM 1936.6.19.9), from intertidal clam, Tivela ponderosa (Knock, in Philippi, 1844) (Veneridae), Muscat, Oman, present by R. Winckworth. Paratypes: 1 female with damaged carapace, about same size as holotype, 1 female (9.0 × 7.8 mm) (NHM 1936.6.19.10–11), same data as holotype. Non-type material examined: Iran: 1 male, 1 female (ZRC 2006.51), Hormozgan Province, Persian Gulf, coll. H. H. Sahafi, 26 March 2004; 1 male, 1 ovigerous female, 6 females (largest 11.2 × 9.8 mm) (ZRC 2009.831), in Callista umbonella (Lamarck, 1818) (Veneridae), Bandar-Abbas, Persian Gulf, coll. H. Saeedi, January 2009; 1 female (10.1 × 9.1 mm) (ZRC 2016.162), Qeshm Island, coll. M. Safaei, May 2010; 2 males (5.7 × 5.6 mm, 5.6 × 5.6 mm), 2 ovigerous females (8.6 × 7.4 mm, 10.7 × 9.7 mm) (ZRC 2009.155), Gulf of Oman, coll. E. Kamrani, 2011; 1 male, 1 female (SMF 38541), Golshahr, Bandar-Abbas, Persian Gulf, coll. M. Ebrahimi, 19 April 2004; 1 male, 17 females (SMF 38542), Kolahi, Strait of Hormoz, 2702′N, 5651′E, coll. R. Naderloo, A. Kazemi & A. Keykhosravi, 24 April 2008; 3 males, 13 females (SMF 38543), Kolahi, Strait of Hormoz, 2702′N, 5651′E, coll. R. Naderloo, A. Kazemi & A. Keykhosravi, 24 April 2008; 5 females (2 ovigerous, 2 juveniles) (ZUTC 5931), east of Bandar-Abbas, Persian Gulf, 2711′N, 5621′E, muddy-sand flat, coll. R. Naderloo, A. Kazemi & A. Keykhosravi, 23 May 2008; 4 ovigerous females (ZUTC 5204), Tiab, Strait of Hormoz, 2702′50.4′′N, 5161′03.1′′E, coll. 25 January 2008; 4 females (ZUTC 6923), Kolahi, Strait of Hormoz, 2702′51.8′′N, 5151′04.6′′E, coll. H. Saelhi & A. Kazemi, 29 November 2008; 5 females (ZUTC 6924), Tis, Chabahar, Gulf of Oman, 2525′23.33′′N, 6035′15.59′′E, coll. H. Salehi & A. Kazemi, 29 November 2008. Kuwait: 1 female (ZRC 2021.0478), station SDG 54, unknown host, Al-Nuweeseb, coll. S. De Grave, 4 March 2014; 1 female (ZRC 2021.0479), station SDG 59, unknown host, Ras Kadma, Kuwait, S. De Grave, 17 November 2014. Description. Female: Carapace and pereopods weakly chitinised, relatively soft. Carapace subcircular, wider than long; dorsal and lateral surfaces smooth, glabrous; domed in frontal view; front slightly projecting anteriorly beyond orbits, margin gently convex to straight; anterolateral margin subparallel with frontal margin or gently sloping posteriorly, forming rounded angle with posterolateral margin (Fig. 1A, D). Posterior carapace margin gently convex (Fig. 1A, D). Eyes small, not or just visible in dorsal view, mobile, completely filling orbit (Fig. 1A, D, E). Epistome with median part wide, triangular, lateral margins concave (Fig. 1E). MXP3 outer surface with scattered short setae; ischiomerus completely fused, sub-rhomboidal, ca. 2.2 times as long as wide, inner margin rounded at widest point; carpus short; propodus about 2 times as long as high, subspatulate, longer than carpus, tip rounded; dactylus slender, inserted slightly proximal to mid-length of propodus, tip not reaching propodal apex; exopod relatively stout, about half length of ischiomerus, flagellum 2 articles (Figs. 1G, 2A). Adult chela relatively elongate, dactylus about half palm length; palm relatively slender, proximally narrower than distally; outer surfaces of palm, fingers (except for distal part) almost glabrous, with only scattered short setae; ventral margin of palm gently convex; dactylus occlusal margin with large subproximal tooth; pollex occlusal margin with 1 lower proximal tooth, 1 submedian tooth and minute denticles; tips of fingers sharp, hooked (Fig. 1C, H). P2–P5 dorsally, ventrally unarmed; outer surface covered with scattered, short setae or glabrous; ventral margins of propodus and dactylus setose; merus relatively longer, more slender, relative lengths of meri P4>P3>P5>P2; usually right P4 distinctly longest; P4 and P5 propodi lined with setae along flexor margin; P2 and P3 dactyli short, subequal, tip distinctly hooked, half to one-third propodus length; longer P4 dactylus elongate, broadly falciform, distinctly longer than half propodus length, slightly shorter than P5 dactylus; shorter P4 dactylus almost twice length of P3 dactylus; longer female P4 merus ca. 1.7 times longer than P5 merus; P5 merus 4.4–4.7 times longer than wide; P5 dactylus shorter than propodus extensor margin, dorsodistal half glabrous, setae denser on ventral margin, distoflexor margin without rows of spinules (Figs. 1I, 2B–I). Pleon extending to buccal region, covering bases of P2–P5; telson recessed into concave distal margin of somite 6 (Fig. 1C, F). Male: Carapace and pereiopods well chitinised, firm. Carapace almost circular, slightly wider than long or subequal; dorsal surface almost smooth, gently inflated, lateral surfaces with scattered setae; front projecting anteriorly, margin gently sinuous to almost straight (Fig. 3A, B). Eyes distinctly visible in dorsal view (Fig. 3A, B). MXP3 as in female (Figs. 3C, 4A). Anterior thoracic sternum wide, sternites 1, 2 fused, partially sunken into buccal cavity; suture between sternites 2 and 3 shallow; sternites 3, 4 immovably fused, demarcated only by shallow groove. Chela relatively stout, proportionally shorter than in female (Fig. 3F). P2–P5 dorsally, ventrally unarmed; outer surface covered with short setae; P3 and P4 carpus and propodus with long natatory setae; left and right meri equal, relative lengths of meri P4>P3>P2>P5; dactyli of P2–P4 progressively longer; P5 dactylus shorter than those of P3 and P4, covered with setae (Fig. 4B–E). Pleon triangular, widest at somite 3, lateral margins of somite 4 gently concave to almost straight; somite 6 trapezoidal; telson semicircular, wider than long (Fig. 3E). G1 relatively stout, arcuate, curved outwards, without subdistal dorsal projection, distal part tapering to rounded tip (Figs. 3H, I, 4F–I); distal openings of ejaculatory canal oriented slightly towards lateral sides of body. G2 short, with spatuliform tip; exopod slightly longer than endopod length (Figs. 3J, 4J). Variation. The male specimens do not show any obvious leg asymmetry. The MXP3 shows slight variations in the length of dactylus in females, with small specimens (CL<4 mm) usually possessing a relatively shorter dactylus, hardly reaching to the distal two-thirds length of the propodus. Colour in life. Females: relatively translucent, with large orange gonads internally (Fig. 5B–D; see also Naderloo 2017: fig. 38.1b). Males: pale, nearly white to ivory, well calcified, not translucent. Remarks. The poorly described Pinnoteres (sic) placunae by Hornell & Southwell (1909) from Placuna (Placunidae) in Gujarat state in India and Pakistan has caused some uncertainty about its identity and, in addition the types are lost (cf. Schmitt et al. 1970). Similarities and suggestions that Pinnotheres tivelae Gordon, 1936, and P. placunae are synonyms (Naderloo & Türkay 2012; Naderloo et al. 2013) may simply be due to the inaccuracies in the descriptions and figures of Hornell & Southwell (1909). Naderloo (2017) later recognised the species of Gordon as a valid Arcotheres, but noted that no males of A. tivelae were available for more detailed comparisons. Trivedi et al. (2018) clarified the taxonomy of A. placunae and corrected the inaccuracies in the figures and description of Hornell & Southwell (1909), confirming that the types are no longer extant and a neotype was selected from the original type locality in the Rann of Kutch (at present Gulf of Kachchh) in Gujarat state in India. Trivedi et al. (2018: 57) elaborated on the differences between the females of the two species, noting that in A. tivelae, the carapace is more subcircular, at 1.2 times wider than long (vs more transversely ovate and 1.4 times wider than long in A. placunae; Trivedi et al. 2018: figs. 1A, C, F, 2A); the posterior carapace margin is usually gently convex (vs strongly concave in A. placunae; Trivedi et al. 2018: figs. 1A, C, F, 2A); the MXP3 ischiomerus is 2.2 times as long as wide (vs 2.6 times as long as wide in A. placunae; Trivedi et al. 2018: figs. 2F, G); the female dactylus is about half the length of the cheliped palm in adults (vs dactylus slightly shorter than the palm in A. placunae; Trivedi et al. 2018: figs. 2D, E); the longer female P4 merus is 1.7 times longer than the P5 merus (vs 1.3 times in A. placunae; Trivedi et al. 2018: fig. 4C, D, G, H); the shorter P4 dactylus is almost twice the length of the P3 dactylus (vs 1.2 times in A. placunae; Trivedi et al. 2018: fig. 4B, C, F, G); the P5 dactylus is about 0.75 times longer than the shorter P4 dactylus (vs 0.84 times longer in A. placunae; Trivedi et al. 2018: fig. 4C, D, G, H); the dorsodistal half of the P5 dactylus is glabrous (vs covered with short setae in A. placunae; Trivedi et al. 2018: fig. 4D, H); the P4 and P5 propodi are lined with setae along the flexor margin (vs almost glabrous in A. placunae; Trivedi et al. 2018: fig. 4A–H); and there are no spinules on the P5 flexor margin (vs with 2 short rows of spinules present on the flexor margin; Trivedi et al. 2018: fig. 4H’, L’). The present female specimens of A. tivelae confirm these differences (cf. Figs. 1A, D, G–I, 2A, D, E, H, I). The males of A. tivelae and A. placunae are also distinct. The male carapace of A. tivelae is more circular in shape with the anterolateral margins strongly convex and the dorsal surface inflated; Fig. 3A, B (vs less circular in shape with the dorsal surface less convex and the anterolateral margins gently convex in A. placunae; Trivedi et al. 2018: figs. 1D, 3A), and the G1 has the distal part bent obliquely inwards towards the sternum; Figs. 3H, I, 4F–I (vs G1 gently curved inwards with a slender tapering distal part in A. placunae; Ng & Ngo 2022: fig. 9F, G). As noted by Ng & Ngo (2022), the figures of the male pleon and G1 tip of A. placunae are somewhat inaccurate in Trivedi et al. (2018: fig. 3B, D). Despite previous comparisons with A. placunae, the morphology of A. tivelae is actually most similar to A. exiguus (Bürger, 1895) and A. rayi Ahyong & Ng, 2007, two species that also inhabit venerid bivalves. Ng & Ahyong (2022) revised the taxonomy of these two species, showing that Pinnotheres winckworthi Gordon, 1936, P. vicajii Chhapgar, 1957, P. casta Antony & Kutyamma, 1971, and P. obscuridentata Dai & Song, 1986, were all junior synonyms of A. exiguus (see also Trivedi et al. 2020). Arcotheres exiguus has a wide distribution in the Indo-West Pacific, occurring from the western Indian Ocean to southern China, while A. rayi is known thus far only from the Philippines and Peninsular Malaysia (Ng & Ahyong 2022). Females of A. tivelae can be distinguished from those of A. exiguus and A. rayi by the P4 dactylus being slightly shorter than that of P5 (vs slightly or much longer in A. exiguus and A. rayi). The carapace of female A. exiguus and A. rayi (e.g., Ng & Ahyong 2022: figs. 37A, C, 39A, D, 46A, 47A, C) is generally wider than that of A. tivelae (Fig. 1A, D); but as Ng & Ahyong (2022: 5) argued, carapace shape is not always reliable, and there are some specimens of A. exiguus that also have a more rounded carapace (e.g., Ng & Ahyong 2022: fig. 38A, B). The carapace of A. tivelae is also more inflated and firmer than that of A. exiguus and A. rayi, which are flatter and more membranous; unfortunately, these aspects are difficult to quantify and best observed by direct comparison of specimens of each species. The inner margin of the ischiomerus of the MXP3 at the widest point is always rounded in all the specimens of A. tivelae examined (Figs. 2A, 4A) but in A. exiguus, it is usually angular (Ng & Ahyong 2022: figs. 41B, 42A, 45A) but this character is unreliable as in some specimens, it is also rounded (Ng & Ahyong 2022: figs. 41Q, 42L). In A. rayi, the angle of the inner angle of the ischiomerus is rounded (Ng & Ahyong 2022: figs. 49B, 52A); but it can easily be separated from A. tivelae by its proportionately shorter P5 dactylus (Ng & Ahyong 2022: figs. 48D, E, 49I, M). The most unambiguous character that separates the species is actually the form of the G1. Compared to A. exiguus and A. rayi, the G1 of A. tivelae is relatively less curved with the distal part gently tapering and without a subdistal projection; Figs. 3H, I, 4F–I (vs distinctly C-shaped in A. exiguus with a dorsal subdistal projection and the tip is rounded; Ng & Ahyong 2022: figs. 44K, L, 45H, I, 52N, O). Arcotheres tivelae is also superficially similar to another congener also found in venerid bivalves, A. obesus (Dana, 1852), which is known only from Gafrarium from Fiji and Malaysia (Ng & Ahyong 2022). The carapace of A. obesus, however, is soft and poorly chitinised, the dactylus of MXP3 is relatively longer, reaching the tip of the propodus, and P2–P5 are proportionately much longer; and in addition, the G1 has a low dorsal subdistal subtruncate angle before the sharp tip (cf. Komai et al. 2020: figs. 2A–C, 3E–H, 4F, H, J, L, N; Ng & Ahyong 2022: figs. 55A, B, 56B–I, K, L). Host. Arcotheres tivelae was described from the venerid clam Tivela ponderosa (Koch, in Philippi, 1844); currently Tivela stefaninii (Nardini, 1933). Recent specimens from Iran are all from the venerid clam Callista umbonella (Lamarck, 1818). Saeedi & Ardalan (2010: 657–658) studied the ecology of A. tivelae and observed that the infestation rate was at about 9% for the Callista specimens examined, and of the 89 specimens found, 10% were males. The authors also suggested that the crab had negative growth impacts on the clam (Saeedi & Ardalan 2010: 659). The bivalve is mostly found in the muddy–sand flats along the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman.Published as part of Ng, Peter K. L., Clark, Paul F. & Naderloo, Reza, 2022, Redescription of Arcotheres tivelae (Gordon, 1936), a pea crab endemic to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae), pp. 277-286 in Zootaxa 5141 (3) on pages 278-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/659278

Redescription of Arcotheres tivelae (Gordon, 1936), a pea crab endemic to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)

The taxonomy of the pinnotherid crab, Pinnotheres tivelae (Gordon, 1936), now assigned to Arcotheres Manning, 1993, is revised. Type specimens from Muscat, Gulf of Oman, are compared with extensive material from the type locality and Persian Gulf. Arcotheres tivelae is shown to be a valid species, is redescribed, figured to modern standards and males are reported for the first time. This species had been confused with A. placunae (Hornell &amp; Southwell, 1909) from Pakistan and western India, but the two species can be distinguished by the morphology of the carapace, third maxilliped, ambulatory leg features and characters of the male first gonopod. Arcotheres tivelae is morphologically closest to three other species also found in venerid clams, A. exiguus (Bürger, 1895), A. rayi Ahyong &amp; Ng, 2007, and A. obesus (Dana, 1852), but the distal morphology of its male first gonopod is distinct from its congeners. Furthermore, A. tivelae is recorded from Kuwait for the first time.&#x0D;  </jats:p

Study and modeling of changes in volumetric efficiency of helix conveyors at different rotational speeds and inclination angels by ANFIS and statistical methods

Introduction Spiral conveyors effectively carry solid masses as free or partly free flow of materials. They create good throughput and they are the perfect solution to solve the problems of transport, due to their simple structure, high efficiency and low maintenance costs. This study aims to investigate the performance characteristics of conveyors as function of auger diameter, rotational speed and handling inclination angle. The performance characteristic was investigated according to volumetric efficiency. In another words, the purpose of this study was obtaining a suitable model for volumetric efficiency changes of steep auger to transfer agricultural products. Three different diameters of auger, five levels of rotational speed and three slope angles were used to investigate the effects of changes in these parameters on volumetric efficiency of auger. The used method is novel in this area and the results show that performance by ANFIS models is much better than common statistical models. Materials and Methods The experiments were conducted in Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery in Urmia University. In this study, SAYOS cultivar of wheat was used. This cultivar of wheat had hard seeds and the humidity was 12% (based on wet). Before testing, all foreign material was separated from the wheat such as stone, dust, plant residues and green seeds. Bulk density of wheat was 790 kg m-3. The auger shaft of the spiral conveyor was received its rotational force through belt and electric motor and its rotation leading to transfer the product to the output. In this study, three conveyors at diameters of 13, 17.5, and 22.5 cm, five levels of rotational speed at 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 rpm and three handling angles of 10, 20, and 30º were tested. Adaptive Nero-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is the combination of fuzzy systems and artificial neural network, so it has both benefits. This system is useful to solve the complex non-linear problems in agricultural engineering applications. ANFIS by linguistic concepts can establish and inference non-linear relationship between inputs and outputs. In this research, generally modeling was performed by using toolbox of ANFIS and coding in MATLAB software. Five important and effective factors in modeling were optimized until the best ANFIS model was obtained. The five factors were: type of fuzzy sets for inputs, number of fuzzy sets for inputs, type of fuzzy set for output, method of optimization and number of epochs. The statistical model was done by using SPSS and in the multivariate regression method. In multivariate linear regression in statistical model, the independent variables were auger blade diameter, rotational speed and the angle of slope of the auger and dependent variable was volumetric efficiency. The factorial test in randomized complete block design was conducted for variance analysis of volumetric efficiency. Mean Comparison of volumetric efficiency in different levels of factors was performed using Duncan' test in 5% level. Conclusions In this study, volumetric efficiency of spiral conveyors was investigated as a function of auger blade diameter, auger rotational speed and slope of transfer. The performance was measured in terms of volumetric efficiency using ANFIS and statistical models with SPSS. The results showed that: Volumetric efficiency almost decreased by increasing of rotational speed, for all three conveyors. Maximum volumetric efficiency in all three spiral conveyors was in the speed range of 100 to 200 rpm. Volumetric efficiency significantly reduced in all three spiral conveyors by increasing in rotational speed and slope of transferring in spiral conveyors. Effect of spiral conveyor diameter on the volumetric efficiency in product transferring was irregular and no specific process is appeared. The correlation coefficient between the actual and predicted values was obtained as 0.98 in ANFIS model and 0.94 in multivariate linear regression with SPSS which showed the ANFIS model was more accurate than statistical model. Comparison between performances of spiral conveyor to transfer the seeds of wheat, with results by other researchers that has been reported for spiral conveyors with the same slope to transfer of corn kernels, was found that the angle effect on volumetric efficiency is quite significant. Therefore, it proves that performances of spiral conveyor are impressed by characteristics of transition material considerably. The maximum volumetric efficiency was corresponded in rotational speed of 100 rpm, inclination angle of 10º, and blade diameter of 17.5 cm that it was approximately 29.11%

Investigating the engine vibration in MF285 tractor effected by different blends of biodiesel fuel using statistical methods and ANFIS

Introduction Vibrations include a wide range of engineering sciences and discuss from different aspects. One of the aspects is related to various types of engines vibrations, which are often used as power sources in agriculture. The created vibrations can cause lack of comfort and reduce effective work and have bad influence on the health and safety. One of the important parameters of the diesel engine that has the ability to create vibration and knocking is the type of fuel. In this study, the effects of different blends of biodiesel, bioethanol and diesel on the engine vibration were investigated. As a result, a blend of fuels such as synthetic fuel that creates less vibration engine can be identified and introduced. Materials and Methods In this study, canola oil and methanol alcohol with purity of 99.99% and the molar ratio of 6:1 and sodium hydroxide catalyst with 1% by weight of oil were used for biodiesel production. Reactor configurations include: maintaining the temperature at 50 ° C, the reaction time of 5 minutes and the intensity of mixing (8000 rpm), and pump flow, 0.83 liters per minute. A Massey Ferguson (MF) 285 tractor with single differential (2WD), built in 2012 at Tractor factory of Iran was used for the experiment. To measure the engine vibration signals, an oscillator with model of VM120 British MONITRAN was used. Vibration signals were measured at three levels of engine speed (2000, 1600, 1000 rpm) in three directions (X, Y, Z). The analysis performed by two methods in this study: statistical data analysis and data analysis using Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Statistical analysis of data: a factorial experiment of 10×3 based on completely randomized design with three replications was used in each direction of X, Y and Z that conducted separately. Data were compiled and analyzed by SPSS 19 software. Ten levels of fuel were including of biodiesel (5, 15 and 25%) and bioethanol (2, 4 and 6%), and diesel fuel. Data analysis by ANFIS: ANFIS is the combination of fuzzy systems and artificial neural network so that it has both benefits. This system is useful to solve the complex non-linear problems in agricultural engineering applications such as systems involved in the soil, plant and air. ANFIS by linguistic concepts can establish and inference non-linear relationship between inputs and outputs. In this research, modeling was generally performed by Toolbox of ANFIS and coding in MATLAB too. Five important and effective factors in modeling were optimized until the best ANFIS model is obtained. The five factors were: type of input fuzzy sets, the number of input fuzzy sets, fuzzy set of output, methods of optimization and the number of epochs. Results and Discussion Based on the total vibration acceleration values for different fuels in different rpm, pure diesel (B5E4D91) had the highest vibration and the lowest vibration was seen in the mixed fuel of B25E4D71. Based on the results, two combined fuel of (B25E2D73, B25E4D71) have the lowest vibration and highest amount of biodiesel fuel (25%). After them, three combined fuels of (B5E2D83, B5E4D81, and B5E6D79) have created more vibration and the lowest amount of biodiesel fuel in this study (5%) has created the greatest amount of vibration. With increasing engine speed, the number of combustion courses and piston shock per unit of time increases. As a result, the engine body vibration increases. The results are consistent with results from other researchers. Conclusions In this study, motor vibration of MF285 tractors, by replacing a portion of diesel fuel with biodiesel produced from canola oil and bioethanol, was investigated. In the beginning, necessary biodiesel fuel was produced by research reactor in biodiesel workshop, and then different percentages of diesel and bio-ethanol were mixed to biodiesel and ten combined fuels were created. Finally the effect of different fuel combinations and different engine rotational speeds on the tractor engine vibrations was studied based on a factorial randomized complete block design and then analyzed and modeled by ANFIS. The results showed that the vibration of pure diesel fuel had the highest vibration. Also, with increasing biodiesel fuel blends, the amount of vibration reduced significantly. Increase in engine speed had direct effect on increasing the amount of vibration. Also by increasing the percent of bioethanol from 0 to 4%, the amount of vibration was reduced then vibration value increased by raising the percent of bioethanol. After modeling and analyzing, our results showed that the best fuel in terms of having the lowest vibration motor was B25E4D71

Optimization of hydrodynamic cavitations reactor efficiency for biodiesel production by response surface methods (Case study: Sunflower oil)

Introduction Biofuels are considered as one of the largest sources of renewable fuels or replacement of fossil fuels. Combustion of plant-based fuels is the indirect use of solar energy. Biofuels significantly have less pollution than other fossil fuels and can easily generate from residual plant material. Waste and residues of foods and wastewater can also be a good source for biofuel production. Transesterification method (one of biodiesel production methods) is the most common forms to produce mono-alkyl esters from vegetable oil and animal fats. The procedure aims are reduction the oil viscosity during the reaction between triglycerides and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst or without it. In this study, the method of transesterification with alkaline catalysts is used that it is the most common and most commercial biodiesel production method. In this study, configurations of made hydrodynamic cavitation reactor were studied to measure biodiesel fuel quality and enhanced device performance with optimum condition. The Design Expert software and response surface methodology were used to get this purpose. Materials and Methods Transesterification method was used in this study. The procedure aims were reduction of the oil viscosity during the reaction between triglycerides and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst or without it. Materials needed in the production of biodiesel transesterification method include: vegetable oil, alcohol and catalysts. The used oil in the production of biodiesel was sunflower oil, which was used 0.6 liters per each test in the production process base on titration method. Methanol with purity of 99.8 percent and the molar ratio of 6:1 to oil was used based on titration equation and according to the results of other researchers. The used catalyst in continuous production process was high-purity sodium hydroxide (99%) that it is one of alkaline catalysts. Weight of hydroxide was 1% of the used oil weight in the reaction. Response surface methodology: Three important settings of reactor were considered to optimize reactor performance, which include: inlet flow to reactor, reactor rotational speed and the fluid cycle time in the system. Each set was considered at three levels. The factorial design was used to the analysis without any repeat, there will be 27 situations that because of the cost of analysis per sample by GC, practically not possible to do it. Therefore, response surface methodology was used by Design Expert software. In the other words, after defining the number of variables and their boundaries, software determined the number of necessary tests and the value of the relevant variables. Results and Discussion Three parameters include the inlet flow to reactor, reactor rotational speed and the fluid cycle time in the system were considered as input variables and performance of reactor as outcome in analyzing of extracted data from the reactor and GC by Design Expert software. The results of tests and optimization by software indicated that in 3.51 minutes as retention time of the raw material of biodiesel fuel in the system, the method of transesterification reaction had more than 88% Methyl ester and this represents an improvement in reaction time of biodiesel production. This method has very low retention time rather than biodiesel fuel production in conventional batch reactors that it takes 20 minutes to more than one hour. Conclusions According to the researches, efficiency of biodiesel fuel production in hydrodynamic cavitation reactors is higher than ultrasonic reactors so in this study, the settings of hydrodynamic reactor were investigated so that the settings were optimized in production of biodiesel fuel. Sunflower oil was used in this research. The molar ratio of Methanol to oil was 6 to 1 and sodium hydroxide as a catalyst was used. Three important settings of reactor were considered which include: inlet flow to reactor, reactor rotational speed and the fluid cycle time in the system. The results were analyzed by gas chromatography. The results showed that at 8447 rpm of reactor speed, inlet flow of reactor at 0.86 liters per minute and 1.02 minute of circulation time, the best performance of reactor were created. The flash point, kinematic viscosity and density of biodiesel in this study were 172 ° C, 2.4 square millimeters per second and 861 kg per cubic meter, respectively. Maximum and minimum performances of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor in biodiesel production were 6.19 and 1.13 mg kJ-1, respectively

Ucidinae Stevcic 2005

Subfamily Ucidinae &Scaron;tev&ccaron;i&cacute;, 2005 &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Carapace subovate, cordiform, very thick, swollen; regions distinct, grooves deep; fronto-orbital distance 1/2&ndash;2/3 of maximum carapace width, front broad; anterolateral margins strongly convex; orbital floor with tubercle at inner corner adjacent to antennule; eyestalks relatively short, cornea terminal without any distal ornament; buccal cavern elongated anteriorly, appearing longer than broad, third maxillipeds not completely covering it when closed; ischium and merus of third maxilliped elongate, fringed with long setae on inner surface; exopod of third maxilliped mostly concealed by endopod, with flagellum; chelipeds prominently unequal in adult males, less so in females, surfaces of male merus, carpus and palm armed with strong spines; first to fourth ambulatory legs with dense, long setae on ventral surface of merus, propodus and dactylus which obscure margins; no distinct brush of setae between bases of coxae of second and third ambulatory legs; male pleon with somites 5 and 6 fused; pleonal locking mechanism usually absent.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Shih, Hsi-Te, Ng, Peter K. L., Davie, Peter J. F., Schubart, Christoph D., Türkay, Michael, Naderloo, Reza, Jones, Diana &amp; Liu, Min-Yun, 2016, Systematics of the family Ocypodidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Crustacea: Brachyura), based on phylogenetic relationships, with a reorganization of subfamily rankings and a review of the taxonomic status of Uca Leach, 1814, sensu lato and its subgenera, pp. 139-175 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 64&lt;/i&gt; on page 159, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5355087"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.5355087&lt;/a&gt

Ocypodidae Rafinesque 1815

Family Ocypodidae Rafinesque, 1815 Ocypodidae Rafinesque, 1815: 96 [as Ocypodia, corrected to Ocypodidae by MacLeay, 1838: 63. Name No. 375 on Official List of Family-group Names in Zoology, see International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1964: Opinion 712]. Type genus: Ocypode Weber, 1795. Ucainae Dana, 1851: 289. Type genus: Uca Leach, 1814. Gelasimiden Nauck, 1880: 8, 17, 23, 64, 66 [not Latinised, invalid for nomenclatural purposes]. Gelasimidae Miers, 1886: viii. Type genus: Gelasimus Latreille, 1817. Diagnosis. Carapace deep, subquadrilateral to subovate; dorsal regions indistinct to prominently demarcated; anterolateral margins straight, slightly arched or strongly convex; fronto-orbital distance more than half maximum carapace width; front broad to relatively narrow, deflexed, usually forming lobe between eyestalks; antennules folding obliquely or almost vertically; antennular flagellum small or rudimentary; proepistome broad; third maxillipeds completely or almost completely closing buccal cavern; exopod visible in part or completely, with or without flagellum; chelipeds unequal in adult males, sometimes remarkably so; most species with brush of long setae lining pouch leading into branchial cavity between bases of second and third ambulatory legs; thoracic sternum broad posteriorly; male thoracic sternum narrowed posteriorly, only small part of sternite 8 visible when pleon closed; male gonopore sternal, adjacent to suture between sternites 7 and 8; adult male pleon relatively wide, subrectangular, long, telson reaching or near buccal cavity; somites 4–6 or 5 and 6 partly or completely fused; pleonal locking mechanism usually absent; G1 stout, strongly chitinised, with short pectinate tip fringed with stiff setae which obscuring surface.Published as part of Shih, Hsi-Te, Ng, Peter K. L., Davie, Peter J. F., Schubart, Christoph D., Türkay, Michael, Naderloo, Reza, Jones, Diana & Liu, Min-Yun, 2016, Systematics of the family Ocypodidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Crustacea: Brachyura), based on phylogenetic relationships, with a reorganization of subfamily rankings and a review of the taxonomic status of Uca Leach, 1814, sensu lato and its subgenera, pp. 139-175 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 64 on page 145, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.535508

Ocypodinae Rafinesque 1815

Subfamily Ocypodinae Rafinesque, 1815 Ocypodidae Rafinesque, 1815: 96. Type genus: Ocypode Weber, 1795. Ucainae Dana, 1851: 289. Type genus: Uca Leach, 1814. Diagnosis. Carapace deep, subquadrilateral to pentagonal, never cordiform, not swollen; fronto-orbital distance more than 9/10 of maximum carapace width, front narrow to relatively narrow; regions typically indistinct, grooves between regions shallow or indistinct; anterolateral margins straight or slightly arched; orbital floor with distinct tubercle at inner corner adjacent to antennule; eyestalks relatively short to very long, cornea terminal, may have distinct distal ornament (e.g., stylus or long setae); buccal cavern quadrate, not much longer than wide, third maxillipeds completely covering it when closed; ischium and merus of third maxilliped quadrate, fringed with scattered short setae on inner surface; exopod of third maxilliped not concealed by endopod, with or without flagellum; chelipeds unequal in adult males (Ocypode), sometimes remarkably so (e.g., Afruca, Uca), equal or slightly unequal in females, surfaces of male merus, carpus and palm smooth or armed with short spines or tubercles; first to fourth ambulatory legs with scattered long and/or short setae on ventral surface of merus, propodus and dactylus, never dense or obscuring margins; brush of long setae present between bases of coxae of second and third ambulatory legs, leading into branchial cavity; male pleon with all somites free; pleonal locking mechanism absent. Remarks. The subfamily Ocypodinae is now composed of two BF genera Ocypode and Afruca, and one NF genus Uca. Since the type genus of the subfamily Ucinae Dana, 1851, is Uca s. str., this subfamily has to be treated as a junior subjective synonym of Ocypodinae. Our results agree with previous studies (Levinton et al., 1996; Sturmbauer et al., 1996) that the three genera are closely related, although their morphology appears remarkably different, at least superficially. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the key morphological characters of the subfamily.Published as part of Shih, Hsi-Te, Ng, Peter K. L., Davie, Peter J. F., Schubart, Christoph D., Türkay, Michael, Naderloo, Reza, Jones, Diana & Liu, Min-Yun, 2016, Systematics of the family Ocypodidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Crustacea: Brachyura), based on phylogenetic relationships, with a reorganization of subfamily rankings and a review of the taxonomic status of Uca Leach, 1814, sensu lato and its subgenera, pp. 139-175 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 64 on page 145, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.535508