The Utilization of U.S. male labor, 1975-1992: Estimates of foregone work hours

The percentage of working-age men in the United States who were fully active in the labor market decreased over the 1975-1992 period ("fully active" means working 2080 hours in a year). Similarly, the extent to which men were less than fully active increased. When one considers the number of hours by which men fell short of the 2080 norm in 1992, it was as if 20 percent of them did not work at all in that year, up from 18 percent in 1975. However, because the least-productive workers were the ones most likely to be less than fully active and the most-productive were the ones least likely to be less than fully active, total productivity-weighted work hours did not fall by this large an amount. If men failed to work 2080 hours in a year, most likely it was because they did not work at all; men most often did not work at all because they could find no jobs. Data were from Current Population Surveys.

Recent trends in U.S. male work and wage patterns: An overview

This paper brings together figures on recent trends in the labor market activity and wages of working-age men in the United States over the 1967-1992 period. The data, which come from Current Population Surveys, reveal several important developments. Year-long joblessness, the percentage of men failing to participate in the labor force, and the proportion who were unemployed rose throughout the period. Part-time employment as a percentage of all forms of employment was also higher at the end of the period than at the beginning, and the average hours worked by full-time workers increased slightly. Finally, median and mean wages fell. None of the trends was due to changes in the racial, educational, and age composition of the male work force; in fact, if the racial/educational/age composition had remained the same over the period, labor market activity would have declined even further.

secCl is a cys-loop ion channel necessary for the chloride conductance that mediates hormone-induced fluid secretion in Drosophila

Organisms use circulating diuretic hormones to control water balance (osmolarity), thereby avoiding dehydration and managing excretion of waste products. The hormones act through G-protein-coupled receptors to activate second messenger systems that in turn control the permeability of secretory epithelia to ions like chloride. In insects, the chloride channel mediating the effects of diuretic hormones was unknown. Surprisingly, we find a pentameric, cys-loop chloride channel, a type of channel normally associated with neurotransmission, mediating hormone-induced transepithelial chloride conductance. This discovery is important because: 1) it describes an unexpected role for pentameric receptors in the membrane permeability of secretory epithelial cells, and 2) it suggests that neurotransmitter-gated ion channels may have evolved from channels involved in secretion

Using the PUMA System

This document describes the operation of the Lisp Machine interface to the Unimation Puma 600 Robot Arm. The interface is evolved from a system described in an earlier paper, and much is the same. However, the under-lying interface between the Lisp Machine and the Puma has changed and some enhancements have been made. VAL has been replaced with a PDP-11/23, communicating with the Lisp Machine over the Chaosnet. The purpose of this document is to provide instruction and information in the programming of the Puma arm from the Lisp Machine. The network protocol is not described here, nor are the internals of the implementation. These details are provided in separate documentation. The reader will find in this paper both a tutorial section and a reference section. The tutorial will lead the reader through a sample session using the Puma by directly calling the primitive operations, and will provide an introduction to programming using the primitives. The reference section provides an overview of the network protocol and describes all of the primitive operations provided. Please note that this document corresponds to the version of the Puma system in use on 11 March, 1985. The system is still undergoing development and enhancement, and there may be additional features, if you are running a newer system. The authors welcome reports of errors, inaccuracies, or suggestions for clarification or improvement in either the documentation or the code for the Puma system. Please send electronic mail to [email protected] Artificial Intelligence Laborator

Raman-scattering study of the InGaN alloy over the whole composition range

We present Raman-scattering measurements on InxGa1−xN over the entire composition range of the alloy. The frequencies of the A1(LO) and E2 modes are reported and show a good agreement with the one-mode behavior dispersion predicted by the modified random-element isodisplacement model. The A1(LO) mode displays a high intensity relative to the E2 mode due to resonant enhancement. For above band-gap excitation, the A1(LO) peak displays frequency shifts as a function of the excitation energy due to selective excitation of regions with different In contents, and strong multiphonon scattering up to 3LO is observed in outgoing resonance conditions

Structural and optical properties of MOCVD AllnN epilayers

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The reincorporation and redistribution of trace geoforensic particulates on clothing: An introductory study

Two experimental studies were undertaken to investigate the processes of reincorporation and redistribution of trace evidence on garments when worn by a suspect or a victim ( reincorporation) or after the garments have been seized and packaged for subsequent forensic analysis (redistribution). The first experiment utilised UV powder, an established proxy for geoforensic trace particulates and the second experiment utilised daffodil pollen transferred onto garments under conditions that mimicked forensic reality. It was demonstrated that reincorporation of trace particulates occurs from upper to lower parts of the same garment and also from upper garments to lower garments. Reincorporation also occurred to all areas of the lower garments, however the highest concentration of particulates was found to be the lap area of the jeans. Particulates also tended to be preserved around technical details such as stitching or relief design features of the garments. Thus the decay of particulates after a contact has been made does not necessarily involve a loss of those particulates from the entire system. These findings have implications for the interpretation of trace evidence when seeking to establish the source of initial contacts or the chronology of pertinent events. The second study demonstrated that folding and packaging items of clothing leads to a redistribution of any trace particulate evidence that is present thereby eliciting an alteration in the spatial distribution of that evidence. There is therefore a necessity to take the context of trace evidence into account and also to follow protocols that are sensitive to these aspects of trace evidence behaviour as a failure to do so may have consequences for the correct interpretation of such evidence. (c) 2010 Forensic Science Society. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Photoluminescence of near-lattice-matched GaN/AlInN quantum wells grown on free-standing GaN and on sapphire substrates

Near-lattice-matched GaN/Al1−xInxN single quantum wells, grown using both free-standing GaN and conventional GaN-on-sapphire substrates, are studied by photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation spectroscopies. PL spectra distinguish luminescence originating in the wells, barriers, and underlying GaN buffer layers. The spectra also reveal significant differences between structures grown simultaneously on the different substrates. The quantum well transition energy decreases as the well width increases due to the intense in-built electric fields, estimated to be 3.0±0.5 MeV/cm, that persist in strain free GaN/Al1−xInxN. Screening of these fields is studied using the excitation power dependence of the P

ZINC-FINGER interactions mediate transcriptional regulation of hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis

Integration of environmental signals and interactions among photoreceptors and transcriptional regulators is key in shaping plant development. TANDEM ZINC-FINGER PLUS3 (TZP) is an integrator of light and photoperiodic signaling that promotes flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we elucidate the molecular role of TZP as a positive regulator of hypocotyl elongation. We identify an interacting partner for TZP, the transcription factor ZINC-FINGER HOMEODOMAIN 10 (ZFHD10), and characterize its function in coregulating the expression of blue-light–dependent transcriptional regulators and growth-promoting genes. By employing a genome-wide approach, we reveal that ZFHD10 and TZP coassociate with promoter targets enriched in light-regulated elements. Furthermore, using a targeted approach, we show that ZFHD10 recruits TZP to the promoters of key coregulated genes. Our findings not only unveil the mechanism of TZP action in promoting hypocotyl elongation at the transcriptional level but also assign a function to an uncharacterized member of the ZFHD transcription factor family in promoting plant growth