A Synthesis of Tagging Studies Examining the Behaviour and Survival of Anadromous Salmonids in Marine Environments

This paper synthesizes tagging studies to highlight the current state of knowledge concerning the behaviour and survival of anadromous salmonids in the marine environment. Scientific literature was reviewed to quantify the number and type of studies that have investigated behaviour and survival of anadromous forms of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii). We examined three categories of tags including electronic (e.g. acoustic, radio, archival), passive (e.g. external marks, Carlin, coded wire, passive integrated transponder [PIT]), and biological (e.g. otolith, genetic, scale, parasites). Based on 207 papers, survival rates and behaviour in marine environments were found to be extremely variable spatially and temporally, with some of the most influential factors being temperature, population, physiological state, and fish size. Salmonids at all life stages were consistently found to swim at an average speed of approximately one body length per second, which likely corresponds with the speed at which transport costs are minimal. We found that there is relatively little research conducted on open-ocean migrating salmonids, and some species (e.g. masu [O. masou] and amago [O. rhodurus]) are underrepresented in the literature. The most common forms of tagging used across life stages were various forms of external tags, coded wire tags, and acoustic tags, however, the majority of studies did not measure tagging/handling effects on the fish, tag loss/failure, or tag detection probabilities when estimating survival. Through the interdisciplinary application of existing and novel technologies, future research examining the behaviour and survival of anadromous salmonids could incorporate important drivers such as oceanography, tagging/handling effects, predation, and physiology

Solid state NMR investigation of protein-based biomaterials. Resilin : an extremely efficient elastomeric protein

Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments were performed in order to investigate the microscopic properties of three resilin/resilin-like proteins: An16, rec1-resilin, and natural resilin in dragonfly tendons. Three different types of experiments were performed: measurements of chemical shifts in carbon-13 spectra, measurements of residual quadrupole couplings in deuterated water absorbed in the samples, and measurements of proton residual dipole couplings based on the buildup of multiple quantum coherences. The results suggest that the molecular chains in the materials tested are primarily randomly coiled and lacking in regular structure, and are able to easily change between many transient conformations. These conformations can vary significantly in terms of their structural characteristics, resulting in a broad distribution of localized dynamics. When stretched, An16 showed a slightly increased tendency to adopt beta-sheet secondary structure. The natural resilin also exhibited slightly more rigid structure than the other materials, which may be related to greater efficiency in the natural crosslinking process.Science, Faculty ofPhysics and Astronomy, Department ofGraduat

Dermal Supersensitivity, Heat-Labile, and Heat-Stabile Antibody Against Ragweed in Cattle

Summary Evidence has been given of: the existence of dermal supersensitivity in cattle to ragweed-pollen,the presence of an agent (reagin) in the serum of such animals that permits passive transfer of supersensitivity, and which is destroyed by heating for 2 hours at 56 C,the production of a neutralizing antibody in cattle experimentally injected with ragweed-pollen antigen, which is not impaired in its activity by heating the serum for 2 hours at 56 C,a similar neutralizing effect can be obtained with the serum of rabbits that had been injected with ragweed-pollen,the sera of immunized cows may also have complement-fixing qualities. The similarity of these findings to the ones in human allergy has been pointed out, and the implications on our conception of the mechanism of supersensitivity in mammals have been discussed.</jats:p

Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management: an introduction

Abstract Hansen, L. P., Hutchinson, P., Reddin, D. G., and Windsor, M. L. 2012. Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management: an introduction. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1533–1537. Concerns about increased mortality of salmon at sea resulted in the development and implementation of a major internationally coordinated, public- and privately funded programme of research, the SALSEA programme. Major research surveys were conducted in the Northeast and Northwest Atlantic in 2008 and 2009, and there was enhanced sampling of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fishery at West Greenland. The findings from these surveys and sampling programmes, and from important new analyses of historical data, stable isotope and genetic stock assignment studies, recent tagging experiments, and other research, were reviewed at an international symposium organized by North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization and ICES and held in La Rochelle, France, 11–13 October 2011. This well-attended symposium, entitled “Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management”, highlighted advances in our understanding of the migration, distribution, and survival of salmon at sea, possible causes of the recent increased mortality, future research priorities, and the management actions that might be undertaken to mitigate the increased mortality of salmon at sea.</jats:p