Hops, Tenlined June Beetle Control with Entomopathogenic Nematodes, 1994

Abstract Research was conducted in a three year old hop planting, Humulus lupulus Cluster (LI), in Mabton, WA on fine sandy loam. Pest presence was identified by using an aerial photograph and by digging up and examining the roots of 5 plants within the infested area. An average of 10 larvae per plant were found. A completely random design (3 plants per replicate) with 5 replicates was used. Treatments consisted of three entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (All Strain), S. feltiae Filipjev (SN Strain), S. glaseri (Steiner) and water as a control. Nematodes were checked for viability under the microscope before application. Nematode species were applied on 27 May with a hand-operated soil injector (Marayuma 3MI, Tokyo, Japan) at three depths (10, 20 and 30 cm) and six locations at each depth around the base of the plant. Approximately 1.14 million nematodes (4.5 billion/acre) were injected in 180 ml of water per plant. One side of the plots was pre and the other side post irrigated for 24 h before/after nematode application by furrow irrigation. Plots were evaluated 5 weeks after treatments by digging up 60 plants and the surrounding soil (1 m diameter × 0.8 m depth) and counting P. decemlineata adults, pupae and larvae.</jats:p

A geometric morphometric approach to investigate primate proximal phalanx diaphysis shape

Altres ajuts: CERCA Programme/Generalitat de CatalunyaCurrent approaches to quantify phalangeal curvature assume that the long axis of the bone's diaphysis approximates the shape of a portion of a circle (included angle method) or a parabola (second-degree polynomial method). Here we developed, tested, and employed an alternative geometric morphometrics-based (GM) approach to quantify diaphysis shape of proximal phalanges in humans, apes and monkeys with diverse locomotor behaviors. One hundred landmarks of the central longitudinal axis were extracted from 3D surface models and analyzed using 2DGM methods, including generalized Procrustes analyses. Principal components analyses were performed and PC1 scores (>80% of variation) represented the dorsopalmar shape of the bone's central longitudinal axis and separated taxa consistently and in accord with known locomotor behavioral profiles. The most suspensory taxa, including orangutans, hylobatids and spider monkeys, had significantly lower PC1 scores reflecting the greatest amounts of phalangeal curvature. In contrast, bipedal humans and the quadrupedal cercopithecoid monkeys sampled (baboons, proboscis monkeys) exhibited significantly higher PC1 scores reflecting flatter phalanges. African ape (gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos) phalanges fell between these two extremes and were not significantly different from each other. PC1 scores were significantly correlated with both included angle and the a coefficient of a second-degree polynomial calculated from the same landmark dataset, but had a significantly higher correlation with included angles. Our alternative approach for quantifying diaphysis shape of proximal phalanges to investigate dorsopalmar curvature is replicable and does not assume a priori either a circle or parabola model of shape, making it an attractive alternative compared with existing methodologies

A geometric morphometric approach to investigate primate proximal phalanx diaphysis shape

Current approaches to quantify phalangeal curvature assume that the long axis of the bone's diaphysis approximates the shape of a portion of a circle (included angle method) or a parabola (second-degree polynomial method). Here we developed, tested, and employed an alternative geometric morphometrics-based approach to quantify diaphysis shape of proximal phalanges in humans, apes and monkeys with diverse locomotor behaviors. 100 landmarks of the central longitudinal axis were extracted from 3D surface models and analyzed using 2DGM methods, including Generalized Procrustes Analyses. Principal components analyses were performed and PC1 scores (>80% of variation) represented the dorsopalmar shape of the bone's central longitudinal axis and separated taxa consistently and in accord with known locomotor behavioral profiles. The most suspensory taxa, including orangutans, hylobatids and spider monkeys, had significantly lower PC1 scores reflecting the greatest amounts of phalangeal curvature. In contrast, bipedal humans and the quadrupedal cercopithecoid monkeys sampled (baboons, proboscis monkeys) exhibited significantly higher PC1 scores reflecting flatter phalanges. African ape (gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos) phalanges fell between these two extremes and were not significantly different from each other. PC1 scores were significantly correlated with both included angle and the a coefficient of a second-degree polynomial calculated from the same landmark dataset, but had a significantly higher correlation with included angles. Our alternative approach for quantifying diaphysis shape of proximal phalanges to investigate dorsopalmar curvature is replicable and does not assume a priori either a circle or parabola model of shape, making it an attractive alternative compared with existing methodologies