Resistive Plate Chambers for the RE4 upgrade of the CMS endcap system

It is proposed to install the fourth endcap (RE4) consisting of Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) muon endcap system, in order to improve its Level-1 trigger efficiency and thereby completing the full implementation of the Technical Design Report (TDR). This station will be installed in the first long shutdown of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) during 2013-2014. With lessons learnt from the earlier installation of the RPCs, several modifications in the new construction and test procedures have been recommended for this upgrade. The prototypes for the upgrade were assembled in 2011, thereby giving the green signal for mass production for bakelite and gas gaps. This paper also discusses the standardisation of leak and spacer tests for the bakelite gas-gaps, the new design for the Cu cooling system, the data base and the preparedness at the three assembly sites at CERN, Mumbai and Ghent

Feeding habits of anophelines (Diptera: Culicidae) in 1971-78, with reference to the human blood index: a review

A synoptic view is given of the data amassed by WHO, with technical assistance from the Imperial College of Science and Technology, on the origins of blood-meals in Anopheles samples collected from 1971 to 1978. Attention is focused on the proportion of each sample found to contain human blood and on the problems of interpreting from this the human blood index or degree of biting-contact with man exhibited by vector populations. The difficulties of overcoming bias in sampling, which are formidable in unsprayed areas, are further compounded where the dwellings are treated with a slow-acting residual insecticide which knocks down many engorged mosquitoes before they can be collected from their daytime resting places. There is evidence to suggest that the host-selection patterns of those vectors which are ‘opportunistic' feeders may be heavily influenced, even from village to village or from month to month, by the changing availability of alternative hosts, particularly cattle. This suggests in turn that the possibilities of manipulating the degree of mosquito-man contact by encouraging deflection to animals (zooprophylaxis) or by measures to afford a degree of personal protection should not be under-estimated by malaria strategists. It may sometimes be found less difficult to reduce the vector's human blood index than it is to measure it, but in view of the epidemiological importance of this parameter, suggestions are put forward for improving entomological field practice in this area. They include a quantitative survey of the biotopes available to the mosquito population as diurnal shelters, a longitudinal survey of the densities of blood-fed females per biotope, and a survey of the numbers and the respective distribution of people and domestic animals available as hosts. The work-load entailed by such a thorough form of investigation, to be repeated where necessary at different seasons of the year, underlines the necessity to concentrate efforts on a small number of localities, carefully chosen for the malaria situations they represent and the vector populations they support. A large-scale blood-meal sampling programme, confined to these selected localities, is most likely in our estimation to yield information of value for controlling malaria vector

Water poverty in the northeastern hill region (India): potential alleviation through multiple-use water systems: cross-learnings from Nepal Hills

Water poverty index / Construction / Multiple use / Water storage / Farming systems / Villages / Social aspects / Drip irrigation / India / Nepal / Nagaland / Mon district / Lampong Sheanghah

Charge and Spin Response of the Spin--Polarized Electron Gas

The charge and spin response of a spin--polarized electron gas is investigated including terms beyond the random phase approximation. We evaluate the charge response, the longitudinal and transverse spin response, and the mixed spin--charge response self--consistently in terms of the susceptibility functions of a non--interacting system. Exchange--correlation effects between electrons of spin $\sigma$ and $\sigma^{'}$ are included following Kukkonen and Overhauser, by using spin--polarization dependent generalized Hubbard local field factors ${G_\sigma}^{\pm}$ and ${G_{\bar\sigma}}^{\pm}$. The general condition for charge--density and spin--density--wave excitations of the system is discussed.Comment: 4 pages, latex, no figure

Shape Invariant Potential and Semi-Unitary Transformations (SUT) for Supersymmetric Harmonic Oscillator in T4-Space

Constructing the Semi - Unitary Transformation (SUT) to obtain the supersymmetric partner Hamiltonians for a one dimensional harmonic oscillator, it has been shown that under this transformation the supersymmetric partner loses its ground state in T^{4}- space while its eigen functions constitute a complete orthonormal basis in a subspace of full Hilbert space. Keywords: Supersymmetry, Superluminal Transformations, Semi Unitary Transformations. PACS No: 14.80L

Cell transformation assays for prediction of carcinogenic potential: State of the science and future research needs

Copyright @ 2011 The Authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Cell transformation assays (CTAs) have long been proposed as in vitro methods for the identification of potential chemical carcinogens. Despite showing good correlation with rodent bioassay data, concerns over the subjective nature of using morphological criteria for identifying transformed cells and a lack of understanding of the mechanistic basis of the assays has limited their acceptance for regulatory purposes. However, recent drivers to find alternative carcinogenicity assessment methodologies, such as the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive, have fuelled renewed interest in CTAs. Research is currently ongoing to improve the objectivity of the assays, reveal the underlying molecular changes leading to transformation and explore the use of novel cell types. The UK NC3Rs held an international workshop in November 2010 to review the current state of the art in this field and provide directions for future research. This paper outlines the key points highlighted at this meeting

Electro-extractive fermentation for efficient biohydrogen production

Electrodialysis, an electrochemical membrane technique, was found to prolong and enhance the production of biohydrogen and purified organic acids via the anaerobic fermentation of glucose by Escherichia coli. Through the design of a model electrodialysis medium using cationic buffer, pH was precisely controlled electrokinetically, i.e. by the regulated extraction of acidic products with coulombic efficiencies of organic acid recovery in the range 50–70% maintained over continuous 30-day experiments. Contrary to\ud previous reports, E. coli produced H2 after aerobic growth in minimal medium without inducers and with a mixture of organic acids dominated by butyrate. The selective separation of organic acids from fermentation provides a potential nitrogen-free carbon source for further biohydrogen production in a parallel photofermentation. A parallel study incorporated this fermentation system into an integrated biohydrogen refinery (IBR) for the conversion of organic waste to hydrogen and energy

Ecological Studies On Vectors Of Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis And Filariasis In Rural Areas Of West Java

Penangkapan rutin nyamuk dewasa dilakukan dua kali sebulan selama 1 jam pada waktu senja pada badan kerbau, babi dan manusia dan juga dikerjakan penangkapan dengan light trap. Daerah penangkapan meliputi satu daerah dataran rendah Jakarta (semi urban) dan empat daerah pedalaman di Jawa Barat yang ekologinya berbeda-beda dan dimana sawahnya 2 kali panen dalam satu tahun. Penangkapan nyamuk satu malam penuh dari jam 18.00 - 16.00 dikerjakan disalah satu daerah pedalaman tersebut. Kira-kira 90.000 specimen dari 27 species nyamuk telah ditangkap antara bulan Juni 1973 sampai bulan Juli 1974. Penangkapan pada badan binatang dan manusia menghasilkan keterangan-keterangan yang berguna, mengetahui kepadatan musiman dari vektor malaria, Japanese encephalitis dan filaria.A. aconitus adalah satu Anopheline yang terdapat dalam jumlah banyak menggigit manusia dan kepadatan yang tinggi terdapat didaerah pegunungan dimana sawahnya bertingkat-tingkat (terrace). Di Jakarta dan didaerah yang sawahnya datar nyamuk ini praktis tidak diketemukan Puncak kepadatan dari species ini berhubungan dengan musin padi yaitu pada bulan Mei dan Juni, dan pada penangkapan satu malam penuh dengan umpan manusia nyamuk ini terdapat dalam jumlah banyak pada waktu-waktu sebelum tengah malam.Cu. tritaemorrhynchus, Cu. gelidus, Cu. fuscocephalus dan Cu. vishnui menunjukkan kecen­derungan senang terhadap manusia dan babi. Untuk Cu. tritaeniorrhynchus kepadatan dalam jumlah banyak diseluruh kelima daerah penelitian. Puncak kepadatan nyamuk-nyamuk tersebut sangat pendek yaitu beberapa hari sesudah panen. Cu. vishnui lebih senang menggigit manusia bila dibandingkan species lainnya. Di Jakarta terdapat vektor Japanese encephalitis dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak sehingga kemungkinan terjadi penularan didaerah tersebut lebih besar terutama didaerah dimana diketemukan banyak peternakan babu Dua species lainnya yang banyak menggigit manusia adalah Cu. bitaeniorrhynchus dan M. uniformis