The arrival, establishment and spread of exotic diseases: patterns and predictions

The impact of human activities on the principles and processes governing the arrival, establishment and spread of exotic pathogens is illustrated by vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, West Nile, bluetongue and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fevers. Competent vectors, which are commonly already present in the areas, provide opportunities for infection by exotic pathogens that are introduced by travel and trade. At the same time, the correct combination of environmental conditions (both abiotic and biotic) makes many far-flung parts of the world latently and predictably, but differentially, permissive to persistent transmission cycles. Socioeconomic factors and nutritional status determine human exposure to disease and resistance to infection, respectively, so that disease incidence can vary independently of biological cycles

Molecular Epidemiology of Rickettsial Diseases

This chapter summarizes the classical methods used to investigate rickettsioses initially discovered and characterized in the United States with an emphasis on their role in understanding their epidemiology. More recent molecular methodologies used to diagnose and characterize rickettsioses and rickettsial agents are then presented. New epidemiological insights into rickettsioses that have been obtained by using these molecular tools are then reviewed. Finally, the limitations of contemporary tools used in the molecular epidemiology of rickettsioses are examined and discussed in the context of new opportunities for improvement of these current approaches