Limnological study of Zealand Pond, White Mountains, New Hampshire

Zealand Pond, New Hampshire, was chosen as the site of a remote lake study. Data were collected between July 18 and August 29,1997. Zealand Pond had a relatively high pH (6.3-6.9) and alkalinity (2.3- 3.1 mg CaCO3 /liter), considering its small size and elevation (752 m). The lake was not thermally stratified, presumably due to its shallow depth and exposure to wind. Zealand Pond had a diverse zooplankton community, with two calanoid copepod species (Hesperodiaptomus wilsonae and Leptodiaptomus ashlandi), two cyclopoid copepods (Mesocyclops edax and Ectocyclops phaleratus), six cladoceran species (Daphnia ambigua, Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Bosmina longirostris, Alona costata, and Polyphemus pediculus), and two rotifer species (Keratella taurocephala and Conochilus sp.). Densities of zooplankton ranged from 57.6 (Hesperodiaptomus) to 0.04 (Alona) animals per liter. Zooplankton species were documented with photographs and key identifying features. Low densities of fish were also present in the lake. Features of Zealand Pond are compared to other high altitude lakes

Computer program simplifies design of rotating components of turbomachinery

Digital computer program performs stress analysis and burst speed calculations on rotating axisymmetric turbomachinery components. The computer printout contains the displacement of each nodal point, the stress at the center of each element, the average tangential stress within the component, and the burst speed

The Tell-Tale “Heart”: Determining “Fair” Use of Unpublished Texts

Copyright laws require that courts consider at least four factors in determining whether a quotation or close paraphrase of another\u27s unpublished work without permission falls under fair use. Several cases involving fairuse are discussed

Circumstellar shells, the formation of grains, and radiation transfer

Advances in infrared astronomy during the last decade have firmly established the presence of dust around a large number of cold giant and supergiant stars. To describe the properties of stars and to understand their evolution, it is necessary to know the nature of the giants and their influence on stellar radiation. Two questions are considered: the formation of grains around cold stars and the modification of stellar radiation by the stellar shell

Cultural differences in complex addition: efficient Chinese versus adaptive Belgians and Canadians

In the present study, the authors tested the effects of working-memory load on math problem solving in 3 different cultures: Flemish-speaking Belgians, English-speaking Canadians, and Chinese-speaking Chinese currently living in Canada. Participants solved complex addition problems (e.g., 58 + 76) in no-load and working-memory load conditions, in which either the central executive or the phonological loop was loaded. The authors used the choice/no-choice method to obtain unbiased measures of strategy selection and strategy efficiency. The Chinese participants were faster than the Belgians, who were faster and more accurate than the Canadians. The Chinese also required fewer working-memory resources than did the Belgians and Canadians. However, the Chinese chose less adaptively from the available strategies than did the Belgians and Canadians. These cultural differences in math problem solving are likely the result of different instructional approaches during elementary school (practice and training in Asian countries vs. exploration and flexibility in non-Asian countries), differences in the number language, and informal cultural norms and standards. The relevance of being adaptive is discussed as well as the implications of the results in regards to the strategy choice and discovery simulation model of strategy selection (J. Shrager & R. S. Siegler, 1998)

Fruit over sunbed : carotenoid skin coloration is found more attractive than melanin coloration

Skin coloration appears to play a pivotal part in facial attractiveness. Skin yellowness contributes to an attractive appearance and is influenced both by dietary carotenoids and by melanin. While both increased carotenoid coloration and increased melanin coloration enhance apparent health in Caucasian faces by increasing skin yellowness, it remains unclear firstly, whether both pigments contribute to attractiveness judgements, secondly, whether one pigment is clearly preferred over the other, and thirdly, whether these effects depend on the sex of the face. Here, in three studies, we examine these questions using controlled facial stimuli transformed to be either high or low in (a) carotenoid coloration, or (b) melanin coloration. We show, firstly, that both increased carotenoid coloration and increased melanin coloration are found attractive compared to lower levels of these pigments. Secondly, we show that carotenoid coloration is consistently preferred over melanin coloration when levels of coloration are matched. In addition, we find an effect of the sex of stimuli with stronger preferences for carotenoids over melanin in female compared to male faces, irrespective of the sex of the observer. These results are interpreted as reflecting preferences for sex-typical skin coloration: men have darker skin than women and high melanisation in male faces may further enhance this masculine trait, thus carotenoid coloration is not less desirable, but melanin coloration is relatively more desirable in males compared to females. Taken together, our findings provide further support for a carotenoid-linked health-signalling system that is highly important in mate choice.PostprintPeer reviewe

Evaluation of a ‘whole programme’ strategy for developing social work students’ skills in communication with children and young people

Improving outcomes for children and young people through effective social work practice requires skilled engagement and communication with the children and young people themselves. Social work qualification programmes play a key role in ensuring practitioners are equipped for this role. However, recent research by the presenter and colleagues noted an absence of empirical evidence on what constitutes effective methods of teaching and learning communication skills with children and a lack of academic consensus regarding curriculum structure, content or delivery, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland at least. That previous research did enable the authors, though, to identify a taxonomy of knowledge, values, personal qualities and micro-skills which underpin effective communication with children and young people in social work practice and, consequently, what might need to be covered by qualifying programmes. Hypotheses were developed regarding the kinds of pedagogical methods which might be effective in teaching these. Rather than considering disparate ways of teaching discrete skills, a ‘whole programme’ approach was proposed. This approach was then instituted in a Masters degree qualifying social work programme in England, where this presenter teaches. This paper will present the findings of a 2 year evaluation of the effectiveness of this pedagogical approach (linked to the Outcomes in Social Work Education project). Qualitative and quantitative data was collected at four points during the programme, including at the beginning and end of the programme. Quantitative measures included students rating their subjective perception of what aspects of the programme (or other experiences) contributed to their enhanced confidence in communicating with children and young people. Qualitative measures included a vignette tool which indicated students’ underpinning knowledge about what constituted effective communication and how best to achieve it. The paper will end with considering implications for both curriculum structure and programme evaluation

Willingness-to-pay for Local Milk-based Dairy Product in Senegal

This paper aims to evaluate Senegalese consumers' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for local fresh milk-based products, in opposition to the ones produced with imported powder. Using data from a choice-based-conjoint analysis conducted on 400 households in the re- gion of Dakar, we evaluate the premium that consumers are willing to pay for fresh raw material (rather than powder) in the composition of sour milk. Based on an Ordered Probit Model, the results show evidence for a positive WTP for fresh raw material, which may be seen as a strong indication of preference for local products. This WTP greatly depends on the characteristics of the households. Wealthier house- holds are willing to pay more than the medium households, while big households are ready to pay much less than the base category ones. Obviously, some niche markets exist, that producers may target to sell the local milk-based dairy products. However, more infor- mation has to be provided about the composition of dairy products, as consumers are not currently able to distinguish both types of raw material, even if they are willing to pay more for one of them.

Status of the ILC Main Linac BPM R&D

An introduction and the status of R&D activities for a high-resolution, "cold" beam position monitor (BPM) and the related read-out electronics are discussed. Two different BPM detector concepts, to be attached to the SC quadrupole and located inside the ILC cryomodule, are currently under investigation: A resonant dipole-mode cavity-style BPM pickup, developed at Fermilab, and a re-entrant resonant coaxial waveguide BPM, designed by CEA-Saclay. While the 1.5 GHz dipole-mode cavity BPM is still in the R&D phase, the re-entrant BPM has already passed first beam tests, including its read-out system. Furthermore, the LAPP group is developing radiation tolerant digital read-out systems, which are tested at the CLIC test facility (CTF).Comment: LCWS / ILC08 conference contribution, 6 pages, 6 figure

ASSIMILATION OF MARTIAN OZONE

Observations of atmospheric ozone on Mars can be used to develop the representation of trace gas transport, sources and sinks within global circulation models and constrain middle atmosphere wind speeds which are not observed directly. Ozone is also readily destroyed by OH which recycles CO2 to provide global stability of the atmosphere, a process still not fully understood. To make optimal use of information, observations and model information are combined by the process of data assimilation. Although data assimilation is now commonplace on Earth, it is a fairly new concept for other planetary systems, with Mars the only other current candidate. The satellites currently orbiting Mars, combined with the future planned satellite missions, create a great opportunity for the development of trace gas data assimilation techniques for extraterrestrial planets. For this project we use the LMD/UK Martian Global Circulation Model. The model uses a UK spectral dynamical core and transport scheme from a collaboration between the Open University and Oxford University along with physical parameterisations [6] primarily developed by the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique and Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía. Combined with the LMD photochemical module and the UK Analysis Correction scheme tuned for Mars for assimilation of observations, we can investigate the evolution of ozone throughout a Martian year. Preliminary results are discussed from investigation of the adjusted model ozone abundance while testing a method of assimilating artificial ozone data. Once refined, the technique will then be used for the assimilation of real observations from the SPICAM and MARCI instruments which provide total ozone column abundance