The impact of the international normative framework on the position of victims of terrorism

[ES] Poniendo a las víctimas en el centro de atención, el presente trabajo se centra en los desarrollos habidos en los últimos años en el seno de diferentes organizaciones (ONU, Consejo de Europa, Unión Europea) por lo que respecta a la política y legislación concerniente a las víctimas del terrorismo. Tras una breve introducción sobre los derechos de las víctimas, se analiza si se encuentra justificada la distinción entre derechos de las víctimas de los delitos convencionales y los derechos de las víctimas del terrorismo, particularmente a la vista de las dificultades que suscita el contexto de la victimización terrorista en cuanto al ejercicio de los derechos y muy en especial en los casos de victimización de masas.[EU] Biktimak arreta gunean jarriz, lan honek azken urteetan hainbat erakundetan (NBE, Europako Kontseilua, Europar Batasuna) egondako aurrerapenak ditu ardatz, terrorismoaren biktimei buruzko legediari eta politikari dagokienez. Biktimen eskubideei buruzko sarrera labur baten ondoren, delitu arrunten biktimen eskubideen eta terrorismoaren biktimen eskubideen arteko bereizketa egitea justifikatuta ote dagoen aztertuko da; batik bat, biktimizazio terroristaren testuinguruak sortzen dituen zailtasunak ikusita, eskubideak gauzatzeari dagokionez eta, bereziki, masen biktimizazioko kasuei dagokienez.[FR] Cet article, en mettant l’accent sur les victimes, est centré sur les développements de ces dernières années au sain des différentes organisations (Nations Unies, Conseil de l’Europe, l’Union européenne) en matière de politique et législation concernant les victimes du terrorisme. Après une brève introduction sur les droits des victimes, l’auteur analyse si la distinction entre les droits des victimes de la criminalité classique et les droits des victimes du terrorisme est justifiée, compte tenu les significatives difficultés dérivant du contexte de victimisation terroriste en ce qui concerne l’exercice des droits et, en particulier, dans les cas de victimisation des masses.[EN] This work focuses on victims, and examines the developments that have taken place in recent years within different organisations (The UN, The Council of Europe, The European Union) with regard to policy and legislation concerning victims of terrorism. After a brief introduction that discusses the rights of victims, the work goes on to analyse whether the distinction between the rights of victims of conventional crimes and victims of terrorism is justified, especially in the light of the difficulties raised by the context of terrorist victimisation with regard to the exercise of rights, especially in the cases of mass victimisation

Quantifying protein densities on cell membranes using super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging

Surface molecules, distributed in diverse patterns and clusters on cell membranes, influence vital functions of living cells. It is therefore important to understand their molecular surface organisation under different physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we present a model-free, quantitative method to determine the distribution of cell surface molecules based on TIRF illumination and super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI). This SOFI-based approach is robust towards single emitter multiple-blinking events, high labelling densities and high blinking rates. In SOFI, the molecular density is not based on counting events, but results as an intrinsic property due to the correlation of the intensity fluctuations. The effectiveness and robustness of the method was validated using simulated data, as well as experimental data investigating the impact of palmitoylation on CD4 protein nanoscale distribution in the plasma membrane of resting T cells.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures plus Supplementary Informatio