What's in a copy?

ABSTRACTI will answer the question “What’s in a copy?” by considering three sets of related issues: the importance of copies in academia; in cultural life; and in the economic world. In academia the current capability of making copies is challenging pedagogical practices and the trust of its members, plagiarism being the most immediate problem. The notion of authorship is also undergoing changes provoked by a proliferation of authors and new possibilities opened up by cyberspace. In cultural life, imitation and mimesis have long been fundamental engines of socialization. Our enhanced capacity of copying problematizes, with new intensity, the relationships between homogeneity and heterogeneity, between the genuine and the spurious. In the economic world, the digital era is threatening some of the fundamental tenets of capitalism, especially of its variant called the “knowledge society”, regarding the control of intellectual property rights. The gap between normativity and social practices is widening. The many dilemmas and tensions identified in the text are understood as symptoms of two major characteristics of the current times: hyperfetishism and hyperanimism. ________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMOResponderei à pergunta “O que existe em uma cópia?” considerando três conjuntos de questões relacionadas: a importância das cópias na academia, na vida cultural, no mundo econômico. Na academia a presente capacidade de fazer cópias está desafiando práticas pedagógicas e a confiança dos seus membros, o plágio sendo o problema mais imediato. A noção de autoria também está sofrendo mudanças provocadas por uma proliferação de autores e novas possibilidades abertas pelo ciberespaço. Na vida cultural, a imitação e a mimese de há muito são importantes motores de socialização. A nossa capacidade ampliada de fazer cópias problematiza, com nova intensidade, as relações entre homogeneidade e heterogeneidade, entre o genuíno e o espúrio. No mundo econômico, a era digital ameaça algumas das premissas fundamentais do capitalismo, especialmente da sua variante “sociedade do conhecimento”, no tocante aos direitos de propriedade intelectual. Cresce a distância entre normatividade e práticas sociais. Os muitos dilemas e tensões identificados no texto são compreendidos como sintomas de duas grandes características do presente: o hiperfetichismo e o hiperanimismo

Identification and characterization of a novel extracellular matrix protein nephronectin that is associated with integrin α8β1 in the embryonic kidney

The epithelial–mesenchymal interactions required for kidney organogenesis are disrupted in mice lacking the integrin α8β1. None of this integrin's known ligands, however, appears to account for this phenotype. To identify a more relevant ligand, a soluble integrin α8β1 heterodimer fused to alkaline phosphatase (AP) has been used to probe blots and cDNA libraries. In newborn mouse kidney extracts, α8β1-AP detects a novel ligand of 70–90 kD. This protein, named nephronectin, is an extracellular matrix protein with five EGF-like repeats, a mucin region containing a RGD sequence, and a COOH-terminal MAM domain. Integrin α8β1 and several additional RGD-binding integrins bind nephronectin. Nephronectin mRNA is expressed in the ureteric bud epithelium, whereas α8β1 is expressed in the metanephric mesenchyme. Nephronectin is localized in the extracellular matrix in the same distribution as the ligand detected by α8β1-AP and forms a complex with α8β1 in vivo. Thus, these results strongly suggest that nephronectin is a relevant ligand mediating α8β1 function in the kidney. Nephronectin is expressed at numerous sites outside the kidney, so it may also have wider roles in development. The approaches used here should be generally useful for characterizing the interactions of novel extracellular matrix proteins identified through genomic sequencing projects

Variante morfológica de adultos hembras de Anopheles benarrochi (Diptera: Culicidae) en Putumayo, Colombia

A survey of Anopheles mosquitoes was undertaken in Putumayo, southern Colombia, to clarify the identity of specimens classified as Anopheles (N) evansae in the region. Female anophelines were captured on human bait; then blood fed on small mammals to obtain eggs for progeny broods. Morphological characteristics of the eggs. larvae, pupae and adults of both sexes, including male genitalia were examined. Eggs were obtained from 247 females provisionally identified as A. (N.) evansae Morphology of associated life stages of the progeny broods was compared among 27 families. The morphology of al1 stages corresponded to the published descriptions of Anopheles (N.) benarrochi. However, morphologically variable adult females were noted. In hind tarsomere 2, the dark portion ranged from 0.17 to 0.33 of the tarsomere length; this is less than previously reported for A. (N) benarrochi and overlaps the ranges described for A. (N,) oswaldoi and A. (N) evansae This variable character probably has led to incorrect identifications of adult A. (N.) benarrochifemales as A. (N.) evansae or A. (N.) oswaldoi in specimens from southern Colombia. As a consequence, A. (N) benarrochi has not been previously recognized in Putumayo, and probably has been misidentified in other areas of northwestern South America.Con el propósito de ampliar el conocimiento sobre las especies de Anopheles presentes en el Putumayo, sur de Colombia, y para esclarecer la identidad de los ejemplares clasificados como Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) evansae en esta región, se recolectaron mosquitos hembra en cebo humano, se alimentaron en pequeños mamíferos y se mantuvieron vivos para la cría de isofamilias. Se realizaron observaciones de las características morfológicas de los huevos, larvas, pupas y adultos de ambos sexos, incluidas las genitalias masculinas. Se obtuvieron 247 posturas de madres identificadas preliminarmente como A. (N) evansae A 27 de estas familias se les estudió la morfología de los estadios asociados. Todos los especimenes fueron subsecuentemente identificados como Anopheles (N) benarrochi por la morfología de los huevos, larvas, pupas y genitalias masculinas, lo cual coincidió con las descripciones publicadas para esta especie. Sin embargo, los adultos hembra de Putumayo presentaron la proporción oscura en el tarsómero posterior 2, entre 0.17 y 0.33 de su longitud, inferior a lo informado para esta especie, lo cual se superpone con los rangos de Anopheles (N.) oswaldoi y A. (N.) evansae. Como resultado de la superposición en este carácter, es probable que hembras adultas de A. (N.) benarrochi hayan sido incorrectamente identificadas como A. (N) evansae y A. (N.) oswaldoi en el sur de Colombia. La presencia de esta variante morfológica ha dificultado la identificación de A. (N.) benarrochi en Putumayo y, probablemente, en otras regiones de Colombia y paises vecinos

The study of man : An introduction

x, 503 p.; 22 cm