Scoring sleep using respiration and movement-based features

Rules derived from standard Rechtschaffen and Kales criteria were developed to accurately score rodent sleep into wake, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM sleep using movements detected by non-contact electric field (EF) sensors. • Using this method, rodent sleep can be scored using only respiratory and gross body movements as a validated, non-invasive alternative to electrode techniques. • The methodology and rules established for EF sensor-based sleep scoring were easily learned and implemented. • Examples of expert-scored files are included here to help novice scorers self-train to score sleep. Though validated in mice, sleep scoring using respiratory movements has the potential for application in other species and through other movement-based technologies beyond EF sensors

Noninvasive Sleep Scoring in Mice using Electric Field Sensors

AbstractBackgroundRodent sleep scoring in principally reliant on electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG), but this approach is invasive, can be expensive, and requires expertise and specialized equipment. Affordable, simple to use, and noninvasive ways to accurately quantify rodent sleep are needed.New methodWe developed and validated a new method for sleep-wake staging in mice using cost-effective, noninvasive electric field (EF) sensors that detect respiration and other movements. We validated recordings from EF sensors attached to the exterior of specialty chambers used to continuously capture sleep with EEG/EMG, then compared this to EF sensors attached to vivarium home-cages.ResultsEF sensors quantified 3-state sleep architecture (wake, rapid eye movement – REM – sleep, and non-REM sleep) with high agreement (&gt;93%) and comparable inter- and intra-scorer error as expert EEG/EMG scoring. Novices given an instruction document with examples were able to score sleep comparable to expert scorers (&gt;91% agreement). Additionally, EF sensors were able to quantify 3-state sleep scoring in traditional mouse home cages.Comparison with existing methodMost noninvasive sleep assessment technology requires animal contact, altered cage environments, and/or can only discern 2 states of arousal (wake or asleep). The EF sensors are able to discriminate REM from non-REM sleep accurately and from outside the animal’s home cage.ConclusionsEF sensors provide a simple and reliable method to accurately score 3-state sleep architecture; (i) from outside the typical home cage, (ii) where noninvasive approaches are preferred, or (iii) which EEG/EMG is not possible.Graphical Abstract</jats:sec