L’irrédentisme des valeurs dans le droit : la quête du fondement axiologique

Le droit possède une texture ouverte et téléologique. Il se présente comme un outil indispensable pour « consolider les choix de valeurs en permettant de les formaliser et de les mettre en oeuvre. Derrière le miroir du droit, se trouve, sous-jacents, les valeurs et les principes. Parfois confondues, ces deux notions sont intrinsèques à la notion même de droit, et servent de soubassement à la formulation de décisions judiciaires. On peut dire de ces notions qu’elles sont irrédentes, c’est-à-dire que, comme dans l’imaginaire politique italien du début du 20e siècle, les principes et les valeurs ne peuvent être séparés du corpus juridique, tout comme les terres irrédentes ne pouvaient être séparées de l’identité italienne.Abstract: Law possesses an open and teleological angle as it presents itself as an indispensible tool to consolidate the choice of values by formalizing them as well as putting them to use. Underlying behind the mirror of law, one finds values and principles. These two notions are intrinsic to the concept of law and therefore serve as the foundation of legal decisionmaking. One can say that these notions are irredentes, in other words, similar to the early 20th Century Italian political imagery, the principles and values cannot be separated from the judicial body, much like the irredente lands could not be separated from the Italian identity

Orthodontic treatment in patients with reduced periodontal insertion

The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review to investigate orthodontic treatment in periodontal patients. Periodontal disease causes loss of attachment that results in pathological dental migration Periodontal disease can affect young persons and adults, with a higher incidence in adults, so that the number of adults seeking orthodontic treatment has increased significantly. The periodontal disease must be controlled before the orthodontic treatment begins, and during the treatment it is important to keep the patient motivated as regards control of oral hygiene, with periodical reviews by the periodontist. With regard to assembly of the fixed appliance, special care is required not to place the accessories close to the gingival margin, in addition to using light forces porportional to the amount of periodontal attachment, and kept within the biological limits of movement. Correction of the poorly positioned teeth and controlled orthodontic movement can favor remodeling of the alveolar process in all directions. After orthodontic treatment it is important plan containment individually. Integrated orthodontic-periodontal teamwork is essential for reestablishing a healthy periodontium and satisfactory occlusion

Setting up a Common European Asylum System : Report on the application of existing instruments and proposals for the new system

The study assesses firstly the evaluation process of the first generation of asylum instruments while underlining the possibilities to improve it. It analyses secondly the asylum "acquis" regarding distribution of refugees between Member States, the eligibility for protection, the status of protected persons regarding detention and vulnerability, asylum procedures and the external dimension by formulating short-term recommendations of each area. Its last part is devoted to the long term evolution of the Common European Asylum System regarding the legal context including the accession of the EU to the Geneva Convention, the institutional perspectives including the new European Support Office, the jurisdictional perspective, the substantive perspective, the distributive perspective and the external perspective

Les valeurs de l'Union européenne

L’Union européenne est, selon l’article 2 TUE, « fondée » sur des « valeurs » précisément identifiées. Le préambule de la Charte des droits fondamentaux dresse un constat similaire dans des termes quasiment identiques. Ces « valeurs » sont donc constitutionnellement indissociables de l’Union. L’affirmation juridique de cette dimension fondatrice est d’autant moins neutre qu’elle est systématiquement revendiquée. Elle renvoie à une recherche d’essentialité laissant supposer que l’Union accorde volontairement une place centrale à ses valeurs, ce que confirme l’analyse des grandes étapes de son histoire. Ce choix s’exprime concrètement dans différentes dispositions issues des traités constitutifs. Les valeurs exercent notamment une influence décisive sur des questions aussi fondamentales que celles de la définition des objectifs de l’Union (article 3 TUE), du prononcé d’éventuelles sanctions à l’encontre d’Etats membres qui menaceraient leur intégrité (article 7 TUE), de l’orientation des relations qu’elle tisse avec son voisinage (article 8 TUE), ou encore des modalités de l’éventuelle adhésion d’un Etat tiers à l’Union européenne (article 49 TUE). Au-delà de la portée symbolique, juridique et politique de ces différents thèmes, les valeurs participent en réalité à déterminer l’identité spécifique de l’Union européenne. Il convient alors de s’interroger quant à la traduction concrète de la dimension fondatrice des valeurs dans le projet d’intégration et, donc, d’éprouver la force des convictions communautaires. L’objet de la recherche vise à déterminer si la revendication d’une Union fondée sur des valeurs résiste à la rigueur de l’analyse scientifique ainsi qu’à la pression des faits. Afin de démontrer la consubstantialité et l’irréversibilité du lien que partagent l’Union européenne et ses valeurs, il est d’abord nécessaire de mettre en relief la vocation structurante et fonctionnelle des valeurs pour l’Union. Il reste ensuite à mesurer à quel point leur portée existentielle dépend de l’enjeu de leur protection, qu’elle soit politique, administrative ou juridictionnelle. Mots-clés : Valeurs, Principes, Identité, Adhésion à l’Union, Elargissements, Droit de retrait, Pluralisme, Adhésion à la CEDH, Crises, Etat de droit, Dialogue des juges.The European Union is, according to Article 2 TEU, "founded" on "values" precisely identified. The preamble of the Charter of Fundamental Rights draws a similar conclusion in almost identical terms. These "values" are inseparable from the EU under its primary law. The legal affirmation of this fundamental dimension is systematically claimed. It refers to a research of essentiality suggesting that the Union voluntarily gives a central place to its values, which confirms the analysis of the main stages of its history. This choice is expressed in various provisions of the founding Treaties. These values carry a decisive influence on fundamental issues such as the definition of the objectives of the Union (Article 3 TEU), the imposition of any sanctions against Member States that threaten their integrity (Article 7 TEU), the orientation of the relationships it forges with its neighbours (Article 8 TEU), and the terms of the possible accession of a state outside the European Union (Article 49 TEU). Beyond the symbolic, legal and political scope of these themes, the values determine the specific identity of the European Union. Thus, it is appropriate to question the concrete translation of the founding dimension of the values in the integration project and, therefore, to test the strength of community beliefs. The aim of the research is to determine whether a Union based on values can withstand the rigour of scientific analysis as well as the pressure of events. In order to demonstrate the consubstantial nature and the irreversibility of the link shared by the European Union and its beliefs, it is crucial to highlight the structural and functional vocation of the values for the Union. Lastly, their existential scope is yet to be assessed as this will depend from the level of their protection, whether political, administrative or judicial. Keywords: Values, Principles, Identity, Accession to the European Union, Enlargement, Right to withdraw, Pluralism, Accession to the ECHR, Crisis, Rule of law, Judicial dialogue

Integrating functional genomics and semi-parametric estimation to identify binding variants likely causal for altering human traits

Understanding the genetic architecture of complex human traits is a central challenge in modern genetics with applications in drug development and precision medicine. This thesis presents methodological advancements for the discovery of causal variants affecting human traits. These advancements are grounded in mathematical statistics and functional genomics and supported by extensive simulations and real-world data studies using the UK Biobank. In the first part of this body of work we introduce a comprehensive mathematical framework for the analysis of genetic effects on traits or disease, including single variant effects, non-linear allelic effects, and higher-order interactions. Genetic effects are formally defined as causal estimands, yet remain difficult to identify, reasons for which are discussed. We then construct semi-parametric estimators for asymptotically unbiased and efficient estimation of associated statistical estimands. Finally, we propose a network approach, based on genetic relatedness to account for non-independent individuals. This statistical advancement is delivered within state-of-the-art software called TarGene. TarGene is designed to provide performant and reproducible semi-parametric estimation routines, scaling to biobank-scale datasets, and compatible with modern high-performance computing platforms. In the second part, we investigate the empirical performance of these semiparametric estimators in the context of population genetics, using UK Biobank data. Firstly, this is done via an extensive simulation study, leveraging flexible generative models that can adequately represent the data generating process. Practical violations of theoretical assumptions are illustrated as well as strategies for their mitigation. Secondly, we contrast semi-parametric estimates to published data produced by conventional parametric models. To this end, we perform a phenome-wide association study (768 traits) for a well-established variant with large effect size on the body-mass index (BMI). We observe that p-values obtained via parametric models are substantially smaller than those originating from semi-parametric methods. The absence of overlap between some semi-parametric confidence intervals and those originating from parametric models highlight inflated false discovery rates due to model misspecification. In addition, for 39 traits our method reveals non-linear allelic effects which are commonly overlooked by current practices in linear modelling. Finally, we propose a paradigm based on functional genetics for the discovery of probable causal variants and the mechanism through which they act on human traits. These variants are likely to be causal for two main reasons: (i) they are experimentally shown to disrupt the binding of a specific transcription factor and are thus biologically active; and, (ii) their effect on traits is modulated via transacting variants that were associated with the same mechanism. As a pilot study, we use TarGene to discover putative causal variants acting through the vitamin D receptor. For these variants, a post-analysis is performed to gain more insight into the mechanism of action. Overall, this thesis advances the field of population genetics in three ways. First, it provides a robust mathematical framework within which the main challenges in the field are formally defined. Second, it addresses the statistical estimation challenge by removing the need for parametric assumptions and delivers an open-source state-of-the-art software. Third, it proposes a paradigm based on functional genomics for the discovery of putative causal variants as well as the mechanism through which they act on human traits

The Soviet Presence in the Mediterranean: A Short History

The presence of a significant Soviet naval force in the Mediterranean seems to represent a new element in international relations

Supracricoid partial laryngectomy in the management of t3 laryngeal cancer

Objective. To evaluate the oncologic results only in T3 glottic and supraglottic cancers regarding supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) not requiring total laryngectomy and to assess functional results by self-evaluation by the patient. Study Design. Case series with medical record review. Setting. Single tertiary care center. Subjects and Methods. Thirty-two patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, previously untreated, who underwent SCPL with cricohyoidopexy or cricohyoidoepiglottopexy were reviewed. Results. At 1, 3, and 5 years, the disease-free survival rates were 96.9%, 89.4%, and 78.2%; overall survival rates were 96.9%, 93.2%, and 87.3%; local control and locoregional control rates were 100%, 96.2%, and 96.2%; and distant metastasis-free survival rates were 100%, 100%, and 88.2%, respectively. Aspiration pneumonia was the most common complication observed. The 3 laryngeal functions (speech, swallowing, and breathing) were spared in 83.9% of patients. Conclusion. Supracricoid partial laryngectomy for selected glottic and supraglottic T3 tumors has excellent oncologic and functional results