The BH mass of nearby QSOs: a comparison of the bulge luminosity and virial methods

We report on the analysis of the photometric and spectroscopic properties of a sample of 29 low redshift (z<0.6) QSOs for which both HST WFPC2 images and ultraviolet HST FOS spectra are available. For each object we measure the R band absolute magnitude of the host galaxy, the CIV (1550A) line width and the 1350A continuum luminosity. From these quantities we can estimate the black hole (BH) mass through the M(BH)-L(bulge) relation for inactive galaxies, and from the virial method based on the kinematics of the regions emitting the broad lines. The comparison of the masses derived from the two methods yields information on the geometry of the gas emitting regions bound to the massive BH. The cumulative distribution of the line widths is consistent with that produced by matter laying in planes with inclinations uniformly distributed between 10 and 50 deg, which corresponds to a geometrical factor f=1.3. Our results are compared with those of the literature and discussed within the unified model of AGN.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures. To appear in MNRA

Downsizing of supermassive black holes from the SDSS quasar survey (II). Extension to z~4

Starting from the quasar sample of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) for which the CIV line is observed, we use an analysis scheme to derive the z-dependence of the maximum mass of active black holes, which overcomes the problems related to the Malmquist bias. The same procedure is applied to the low redshift sample of SDSS quasars for which Hbeta measurements are available. Combining with the results from the previously studied MgII sample, we find that the maximum mass of the quasar population increases as (1+z)^(1.64+/-0.04) in the redshift range 0.1<z<4, which includes the epoch of maximum quasar activity.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures. To appear in MNRA

The quasar M_bh - M_host relation through Cosmic Time II - Evidence for evolution from z=3 to the present age

We study the dependence of the M_bh - M_host relation on the redshift up to z=3 for a sample of 96 quasars the host galaxy luminosities of which are known. Black hole masses were estimated assuming virial equilibrium in the broad line regions (Paper I), while the host galaxy masses were inferred from their luminosities. With this data we are able to pin down the redshift dependence of the M_bh - M_host relation along 85 per cent of the Universe age. We show that, in the sampled redshift range, the M_bh - L_host relation remains nearly unchanged. Once we take into account the aging of the stellar population, we find that the M_bh / M_host ratio (Gamma) increases by a factor ~7 from z=0 to z=3. We show that Gamma evolves with z regardless of the radio loudness and of the quasar luminosity. We propose that most massive black holes, living their quasar phase at high-redshift, become extremely rare objects in host galaxies of similar mass in the Local Universe.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA

The NIR to UV continuum of radio loud vs. radio quiet quasars

Starting from a sample of SDSS quasars appearing also in the 2MASS survey, we study the continuum properties of about 1000 objects observed in 8 bands, from NIR to UV. We construct the mean spectral energy distribution (SED) and compare and contrast the continua of radio loud (RLQ) and radio quiet (RQQ) objects. The SEDs of the two populations are significantly different in the sense that RLQs are redder, with power law spectral indices =-0.55+/-0.04 and =-0.31+/-0.01 in the spectral range between 10^14.5 and 10^15.35 Hz. This difference is discussed in terms of different extinctions, different disc temperatures, or slopes of the non-thermal component.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures. To appear in MNRA

The quasar M_bh - M_host relation through Cosmic Time I - Dataset and black hole masses

We study the M_bh - M_host relation as a function of Cosmic Time in a sample of 96 quasars from z=3 to the present epoch. In this paper we describe the sample, the data sources and the new spectroscopic observations. We then illustrate how we derive M_bh from single-epoch spectra, pointing out the uncertainties in the procedure. In a companion paper, we address the dependence of the ratio between the black hole mass and the host galaxy luminosity and mass on Cosmic Time.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA

The nuclear to host galaxy relation of high redshift quasars

We present near-infrared imaging with ESO VLT+ISAAC of the host galaxies of low luminosity quasars in the redshift range 1 < z < 2, aimed at investigating the relationship between the nuclear and host galaxy luminosities at high redshift. This work complements our previous study to trace the cosmological evolution of the host galaxies of high luminosity quasars (Falomo et al. 2004). The new sample includes 15 low luminosity quasars, nine radio-loud (RLQ) and six radio-quiet (RQQ). They have similar distribution of redshift and optical luminosity, and together with the high luminosity quasars they cover a large range (~4 mag) of the quasar luminosity function. The host galaxies of both types of quasars are in the range of massive inactive ellipticals between L* and 10 L*. RLQ hosts are systematically more luminous than RQQ hosts by a factor of ~2. This difference is similar to that found for the high luminosity quasars. This luminosity gap appears to be independent of the rest-frame U-band luminosity but clearly correlated with the rest-frame R-band luminosity. The color difference between the RQQs and the RLQs is likely a combination of an intrinsic difference in the strength of the thermal and nonthermal components in the SEDs of RLQs and RQQs, and a selection effect due to internal dust extinction. For the combined set of quasars, we find a reasonable correlation between the nuclear and the host luminosities. This correlation is less apparent for RQQs than for RLQs. If the R-band luminosity is representative of the bolometric luminosity, and assuming that the host luminosity is proportional to the black hole mass, as observed in nearby massive spheroids, quasars emit with a relatively narrow range of power with respect to their Eddington luminosity and with the same distribution for RLQs and RQQs.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 24 pages, 4 figure

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Penduduk Dan Dependency Ratio Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Provinsi Aceh

This research aims to determine the effect of population growth and dependency ratio on economic growth in Aceh Province. The data used is data on population growth, dependency ratio, and economic growth in Aceh Province, where the data used is time series data for the 2017-2022 period obtained from BPS Aceh Province. The data analysis method uses multiple linear regression analysis, t test, F test, and coefficient of determination test. The regression equation in this research is Y = 3.188 + 0.445X1 + 0.319X2. From the data analysis it can be explained that population growth has a significant effect on the economic growth of Aceh Province. Dependency ratio has a significant effect on the economic growth of Aceh Province. Population growth and dependency ratio simultaneously have a significant effect on the economic growth of Aceh Province. The variables population growth and dependency ratio influence the economic growth of Aceh Province by 49.1%, while the remaining 50.9% is influenced by other variables not examined in this research.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, upah minimum provinsi, dan indeks pembangunan manusia di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dengan jenis data time series periode 2019-2022 dan cross section 34 provinsi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode analisis regresi linier dengan pendekatan fixed effect model. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap Pengangguran Terdidik di Indonesia. Sedangkan Upah Minimum Provinsi berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap Pengangguran Terdidik di Indonesia. Secara simultan, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Upah Minimum Provinsi, dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia memiliki kontribusi sebesar 99,06% terhadap Pengangguran Terdidik di Indonesia sedangkan sisanya sebesar 0,94% dijelaskan oleh faktor lain yang tidak ada dalam penelitian ini

When are Debtors and Creditors Bound to the Provisions of Confirmed Reorganization Plans?

(Excerpt) Generally, when a debtor files for protection under chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”), a plan of reorganization is filed at some point with the bankruptcy court. The court then holds a hearing to determine whether the judge will confirm the reorganization plan. The judge will confirm the plan if it meets the criteria of Section 1129 of the Bankruptcy Code, which requires, among other things, that any payments made in connection with the plan are reasonable. A plan of reorganization is a significant component of a debtor’s emergence from bankruptcy, as it affects the rights of the debtor and its creditors by binding both debtors and creditors to the provisions of the plan, whether or not all of the creditors have accepted the plan. In In re Relativity Fashion, LLC, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York held that Netflix was not permitted to stream certain films before they were theatrically released because the debtors\u27 confirmed reorganization plan contemplated the theatrical release of the movies prior to Netflix’s streaming. The debtors’ anticipated release of the films yielded specific financial projections and was a critical factor in the court’s determination that the plan was feasible as required by the Bankruptcy Code. The court concluded that the provisions of the confirmed reorganization plan were binding on the debtors and creditors, restraining Netflix from releasing the films. This holding illustrates the notion that a court will generally enforce reorganization plans that have been previously confirmed absent an extreme circumstance. What process does the court use to determine whether debtors and creditors are bound to a reorganization plan? This memorandum will examine this question by considering two main inquiries that courts explore before deciding whether the parties must abide by a plan’s provisions. Part I analyzes the doctrine of res judicata and its application to the validity of subsequent actions that challenge a reorganization plan. Part II examines the effect of an independent judgment on the effectiveness and enforceability of a reorganization plan