Une industrie normée ? Gouvernement par les normes, jeu sur les normes et internationalisation des chaînes de valeur dans le secteur pharmaceutique

Dans le secteur pharmaceutique, les normes sont présentes à chaque maillon de la chaîne de valeur. Ces normes, loin d’être de simples énoncés scientifiques ou techniques socialement inertes sont des construits politiques et sociaux dont se saisissent des acteurs divers au pouvoir variable. Est examiné ici, dans une perspective d’économie politique des normes, le cycle des normes pharmaceutiques (bonnes pratiques cliniques, de laboratoire et de fabrication), de leur négociation à leur mise en application dans les entreprises, en mettant en évidence leur rôle capital dans le gouvernement du secteur, en même temps que les jeux d’acteurs et les arrangements locaux autour des normes. Celles-ci se sont développées « par sauts » à la suite de crises sanitaires et sous la pression continue de l’industrie pharmaceutique. Le contexte d’internationalisation pousse à une harmonisation internationale facilitant la coordination au sein des chaînes de valeur globales en même temps qu’il rend de plus en plus difficile le contrôle des normes par les agences nationales. Ce contexte est également marqué par un néolibéralisme pharmaceutique redéfinissant le rôle et les moyens de ces agences.The aim of the paper is to sketch some tentative elements of a political economy of the production, control and interpretation of technical norms in the pharmaceutical industry. It seeks to follow the life of norms, from their negotiation and production to their implementation at the level of the firm. The paper focuses mainly on norms regarding Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations. It builds on the historical strands of institutionalism to analyse the social and institutional construction of an industry, which is deeply structured by regulations and standards. The first part sketches an institutionalist view of norms as institutions and as crucial instruments in the art of governing, and on the determinants of their evolution. The second part seeks to scrutinize how pharmaceutical norms have evolved both through the disruptive impact of crisis and the continuous pressure of industry lobbies leading to compromises between conflicting interests. The difficulties met by regulatory agencies in enforcing norms in an era of growing norm complexity and of internationalized value chains appear in the third part. The fourth and final part analyses how norms are translated by industrial actors, how some actors try to circumvent them, how local arrangements take place

Expérimentations de terrain et politiques publiques du travail et de l’emploi. Apports récents et mises en perspective

La création d’un Fonds d’expérimentation pour la jeunesse (FEJ) en 2008 témoigne de l’essor récent des expérimentations de terrain en France (L’Horty, Petit, 2010). Pour la première fois, plusieurs expérimentations par assignation aléatoire y ont été conduites, stimulées par l’écho des travaux du J-PAL (Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab) sur la pauvreté (Banerjee, Duflo, 2009, 2011). Si les expérimentations aléatoires de terrain (ou Randomized Controlled Trials [RCT]) ne constituent qu’un..

What does the Covid-19 crisis reveal about economics and the economy? Introduction to this issue

Just a year after it was announced that a new virus had been discovered in the city of Wuhan, China, the world is no longer the same. The transformations wrought by the pandemic and the collective responses to it (lockdown of populations, drastic cuts in the movement of goods and more widely in economic and social activity) will entail structural effects. However, it is difficult to get a handle on the scope and nature of those effects. The Revue de la régulation posted a call for papers to j..

Short-Term Long Chain Omega3 Diet Protects from Neuroinflammatory Processes and Memory Impairment in Aged Mice

Regular consumption of food enriched in omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs) has been shown to reduce risk of cognitive decline in elderly, and possibly development of Alzheimer's disease. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are the most likely active components of ω3-rich PUFAs diets in the brain. We therefore hypothesized that exposing mice to a DHA and EPA enriched diet may reduce neuroinflammation and protect against memory impairment in aged mice. For this purpose, mice were exposed to a control diet throughout life and were further submitted to a diet enriched in EPA and DHA during 2 additional months. Cytokine expression together with a thorough analysis of astrocytes morphology assessed by a 3D reconstruction was measured in the hippocampus of young (3-month-old) and aged (22-month-old) mice. In addition, the effects of EPA and DHA on spatial memory and associated Fos activation in the hippocampus were assessed. We showed that a 2-month EPA/DHA treatment increased these long-chain ω3 PUFAs in the brain, prevented cytokines expression and astrocytes morphology changes in the hippocampus and restored spatial memory deficits and Fos-associated activation in the hippocampus of aged mice. Collectively, these data indicated that diet-induced accumulation of EPA and DHA in the brain protects against neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment linked to aging, further reinforcing the idea that increased EPA and DHA intake may provide protection to the brain of aged subjects

Impaired Interleukin-1β and c-Fos Expression in the Hippocampus Is Associated with a Spatial Memory Deficit in P2X7 Receptor-Deficient Mice

Recent evidence suggests that interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which was originally identified as a proinflammatory cytokine, is also required in the brain for memory processes. We have previously shown that IL-1β synthesis in the hippocampus is dependent on P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), which is an ionotropic receptor of ATP. To substantiate the role of P2X7R in both brain IL-1β expression and memory processes, we examined the induction of IL-1β mRNA expression in the hippocampus of wild-type (WT) and homozygous P2X7 receptor knockout mice (P2X7R−/−) following a spatial memory task. The spatial recognition task induced both IL-1β mRNA expression and c-Fos protein activation in the hippocampus of WT but not of P2X7R−/− mice. Remarkably, P2X7R−/− mice displayed spatial memory impairment in a hippocampal-dependant task, while their performances in an object recognition task were unaltered. Taken together, our results show that P2X7R plays a critical role in spatial memory processes and the associated hippocampal IL-1β mRNA synthesis and c-Fos activation

Petia Koleva, Nathalie Rodet-Kroichvili et Julien Vercueil (dir.), Nouvelles Europes. Trajectoires et enjeux économiques, Belfort-Montbéliard, Presses de l’UTBM, 2006, 321 p.

Cet ouvrage de présentation soignée rassemble huit contributions autour des transformations économiques en Europe post-socialiste, encadrées par une préface de Bernard Chavance et une postface de Maria Lissowska. Nouvelles Europes, le pluriel est de rigueur dans ce livre qui donne à voir la diversité des trajectoires dans une perspective d’économie institutionnaliste. C’est aussi un clin d’œil en forme de pied de nez au distinguo récent entre « vieille » et « nouvelle » Europe. Le titre se ju..

The Rhetorical Superiority of Poor Economics

International audienceThis textual analysis highlights the rhetorical prowess of Poor Economics and argues that it is part of the puzzling success of RCTs in economics. It shows how Banerjee and Duflo combine effectively (1) logos (rational discourse, figures, extensive use of numbers), (2) pathos (striking anecdotes to move the reader, personified figures) and (3) ethos (the narrators exhibit wisdom, excellence, and good will). Despite their explicit discard of anecdotes, the authors make ubiquitous use of them. This becomes less paradoxical when considering their manifold persuasive functions. Anecdotes additionally have an understated but inchoate heuristic role. This chapter also scrutinizes two impactful rhetorical schemes: the sensible middle ground between two extremes, and the rhetoric of small measures producing big effects, which magnifies the micro and minimizes the macro. This canny, partly manipulative, rhetoric should not overshadow the thinness of its storytelling and the extent of blind spots in RCTs revealed by what is out-of-discourse

[Coord. de la partie] Économie institutionnaliste

International audienceCoord de la partie. Autres auteurs ayant contribué : Bernard Chavance, Jonathan Marie, Jérémie Bastien, Thomas Lamarche, Matthieu Montalba