Auditory evoked potential audiometry in fish

© The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 23 (2013): 317-364, doi:10.1007/s11160-012-9297-z.A recent survey lists more than 100 papers utilizing the auditory evoked potential (AEP) recording technique for studying hearing in fishes. More than 95 % of these AEP-studies were published after Kenyon et al. introduced a non-invasive electrophysiological approach in 1998 allowing rapid evaluation of hearing and repeated testing of animals. First, our review compares AEP hearing thresholds to behaviorally gained thresholds. Second, baseline hearing abilities are described and compared in 111 fish species out of 51 families. Following this, studies investigating the functional significance of various accessory hearing structures (Weberian ossicles, swim bladder, otic bladders) by eliminating these morphological structures in various ways are dealt with. Furthermore, studies on the ontogenetic development of hearing are summarized. The AEP-technique was frequently used to study the effects of high sound/noise levels on hearing in particular by measuring the temporary threshold shifts after exposure to various noise types (white noise, pure tones and anthropogenic noises). In addition, the hearing thresholds were determined in the presence of noise (white, ambient, ship noise) in several studies, a phenomenon termed masking. Various ecological (e.g., temperature, cave dwelling), genetic (e.g., albinism), methodical (e.g., ototoxic drugs, threshold criteria, speaker choice) and behavioral (e.g., dominance, reproductive status) factors potentially influencing hearing were investigated. Finally, the technique was successfully utilized to study acoustic communication by comparing hearing curves with sound spectra either under quiet conditions or in the presence of noise, by analyzing the temporal resolution ability of the auditory system and the detection of temporal, spectral and amplitude characteristics of conspecific vocalizations.Support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF grant 22319 to F.L.)

Methodological Standardization for the Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Renal Sympathetic Denervation

Transcatheter ablation of renal autonomic nerves is a viable option for the treatment of resistant arterial hypertension; however, structured pre-clinical evaluation with standardization of analytical procedures remains a clear gap in this field. Here we discuss the topics relevant to the pre-clinical model for the evaluation of renal denervation (RDN) devices and report methodologies and criteria toward standardization of the safety and efficacy assessment, including histopathological evaluations of the renal artery, periarterial nerves, and associated periadventitial tissues. The pre-clinical swine renal artery model can be used effectively to assess both the safety and efficacy of RDN technologies. Assessment of the efficacy of RDN modalities primarily focuses on the determination of the depth of penetration of treatment-related injury (e.g., necrosis) of the periarterial tissues and its relationship (i.e., location and distance) and the effect on the associated renal nerves and the correlation thereof with proxy biomarkers including renal norepinephrine concentrations and nerve-specific immunohistochemical stains (e.g., tyrosine hydroxylase). The safety evaluation of RDN technologies involves assessing for adverse effects on tissues local to the site of treatment (i.e., on the arterial wall) as well as tissues at a distance (e.g., soft tissue, veins, arterial branches, skeletal muscle, adrenal gland, ureters). Increasing experience will help to create a standardized means of examining all arterial beds subject to ablative energy and in doing so enable us to proceed to optimize the development and assessment of these emerging technologies

Hendrick Ladich to Peter Van Brugh Livingston, April 5, 1746

Hendrick wrote in Dutch to Peter, address: New York. The verso says May 8, 1746, H. Ladich & Cap. Kip answered.https://digitalcommons.kean.edu/lhc_1740s/1002/thumbnail.jp

Effects of Temperature on Sound Production and Auditory Abilities in the Striped Raphael Catfish Platydoras armatulus (Family Doradidae)

Background: Sound production and hearing sensitivity of ectothermic animals are affected by the ambient temperature. This is the first study investigating the influence of temperature on both sound production and on hearing abilities in a fish species, namely the neotropical Striped Raphael catfish Platydoras armatulus. Methodology/Principal Findings: Doradid catfishes produce stridulation sounds by rubbing the pectoral spines in the shoulder girdle and drumming sounds by an elastic spring mechanism which vibrates the swimbladder. Eight fish were acclimated for at least three weeks to 22 degrees, then to 30 degrees and again to 22 degrees C. Sounds were recorded in distress situations when fish were hand-held. The stridulation sounds became shorter at the higher temperature, whereas pulse number, maximum pulse period and sound pressure level did not change with temperature. The dominant frequency increased when the temperature was raised to 30 degrees C and the minimum pulse period became longer when the temperature decreased again. The fundamental frequency of drumming sounds increased at the higher temperature. Using the auditory evoked potential (AEP) recording technique, the hearing thresholds were tested at six different frequencies from 0.1 to 4 kHz. The temporal resolution was determined by analyzing the minimum resolvable click period (0.3-5 ms). The hearing sensitivity was higher at the higher temperature and differences were more pronounced at higher frequencies. In general, latencies of AEPs in response to single clicks became shorter at the higher temperature, whereas temporal resolution in response to double-clicks did not change

Pedagogical vocabulary reloaded. On the way to a new culture of reflection

Derzeit verändert sich das Vokabular, auf das wir in den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften zurückgreifen. Die Moralisierung der Politik trifft hier auf ein reges Interesse, Fragen der Repräsentation und der Diskriminierung ein stärkeres Gehör zu verschaffen. Die innerakademische Kritik an diesem neuen Sprachgebrauch lenkt das Augenmerk aktuell auf zwei Sachverhalte: Zum einen drohen Begriffe, die einen deutlich weiteren Gegenstandsbereich bezeichnen sollen, ihre Präzision einzubüßen, zum anderen führt die Neigung zur Psychologisierung und Individualisierung gesellschaftlicher Krisenphänomene dazu, dass deren \u27Lösung\u27 vermehrt in individuellen Schuldbezichtigungen gesucht wird. Wissenschaftliche Diskurse nähern sich in der Folge moralischen Diskursen an und begünstigen unterkomplexe Problembeschreibungen. Dass diese Entwicklungen auch den pädagogischen Diskurs betreffen, ist unmittelbar einsichtig, weil eine Vielzahl der gegenwärtig besonders intensiv diskutierten Begriffe unmittelbar auf den Gegenstandsbereich der Erziehungswissenschaft verweisen. (DIPF/Orig.

Erzwungene Komplizenschaft: Bruchstücke zu einer literarischen Ethnographie des Internats bei Tobias Wolff und Kazuo Ishiguro

'Im Anschluss an eine Debatte der neueren Gewaltsoziologie, welche die Erforschung auch jener gewaltförmiger Sozialbeziehungen anmahnt, die ohne den Einsatz physischer Gewalt auskommen, nimmt der Text Internate aus einer machtkritischen Perspektive in den Blick. Am Beispiel zweier Romane sowie instrumentiert durch Pierre Bourdieus Konzept symbolischer Gewalt sucht der Beitrag einen Einblick in Abhängigkeitsverhältnisse zu verschaffen, in die Internate die ihnen Anvertrauten mitunter verstricken. Auf diese Weise soll es nicht nur gelingen, für die weichen Mechanismen des Ausschlusses zu sensibilisieren, die bei der Erforschung der Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit häufig vernachlässigt werden, sondern auch ein Sensorium für die pädagogischen Spielarten symbolischer Gewaltverhältnisse auszubilden und einen Zugang zu deren Erleben zu verschaffen.' (Autorenreferat)'Taking up an ongoing discussion, in the field of the sociology of violence, which stresses the need for research on such forms of social coercion as are effected without physical violence, boarding schools are approached in a perspective of a criticism of power. Focusing on two novels and relying on Pierre Bourdieu's concept of symbolic violence, the paper aims to shed light on the relations of dependency students of boarding schools may get entrapped in. This may not only enhance current sensitivity for the soft mechanisms of exclusion which research in social inequality tends to neglect, but may also alert researchers to the pedagogical varieties of symbolic violence and provide an approach to how these are lived.' (author's abstract)

Abschied von den einsamen Helden. Wie sich die Rede vom Bildungsaufstieg verkomplizieren lässt

Obwohl es überfällig ist, die auffällige Vernachlässigung der erziehungswissenschaftlichen Erforschung von Bildungsaufstiegen im Rahmen eines wissenssoziologischen Beitrags genauer nachzuspüren, will der Autor das Interesse auf das Material lenken, auf das innerhalb der Erziehungswissenschaft zurückgegriffen wird, wenn das untersucht wird, was im Französischen trajectoire genannt wird – die Durchkreuzung des sozialen Raumes. Ihn interessiert die Form, in der innerhalb der Erziehungswissenschaft Bildungsaufstiege untersucht werden. (DIPF/Orig.