Examples of long-term and short-term decision-making in the UK, Delaware and Germany – gap-filling exercise in the context of the shareholder v. stakeholder debate and share ownership structure of the company

This paper explores the extent to which the law in the UK, Delaware and Germany imposes an obligation on directors of solvent public companies to take into account the long-term consequences of their decisions while establishing the content and scope of long-termism in these three legal systems. This research draws on the academic literature and performs a gap-filling exercise by identifying examples of long-term decision-making in these jurisdictions, as well as examples of decision-making and conduct that is not long-term in nature. In the gap-filling exercise, case studies are presented in the context of (i) the contemporary shareholder v. stakeholder debate in corporate governance scholarship and (ii) the relevance of the share ownership structure of the company. These two important debates are used as variables to cast light on the ambit of the notion of long-termism, and the structural differences and similarities between the corporate governance systems and concepts of long-termism in the UK, Delaware and Germany

Failed reform of say on pay in the UK? The future of shareholder engagement with executive pay

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Examples of long-term and short-term decision-making in the UK, Delaware and Germany – gap-filling exercise in the context of the shareholder v. stakeholder debate and share ownership structure of the company

This paper explores the extent to which the law in the UK, Delaware and Germany imposes an obligation on directors of solvent public companies to take into account the long-term consequences of their decisions while establishing the content and scope of long-termism in these three legal systems. This research draws on the academic literature and performs a gap-filling exercise by identifying examples of long-term decision-making in these jurisdictions, as well as examples of decision-making and conduct that is not long-term in nature. In the gap-filling exercise, case studies are presented in the context of (i) the contemporary shareholder v. stakeholder debate in corporate governance scholarship and (ii) the relevance of the share ownership structure of the company. These two important debates are used as variables to cast light on the ambit of the notion of long-termism, and the structural differences and similarities between the corporate governance systems and concepts of long-termism in the UK, Delaware and Germany

Engaging stakeholders in corporate decision-making through strategic reporting: an empirical study of FTSE 100 companies

The strategic report is the latest iteration of non-financial reporting in the UK. This project empirically analyses the practical implications and relevance of the production of a strategic report for shareholders and especially other stakeholders (e.g. employees, customers, suppliers, environmental agencies, social, community, and human rights bodies). The strategic reports of the FTSE 100 companies from 2015 and 2016 are scrutinised, using a methodology involving compliance coding. This study is especially significant as the practical implications and relevance of the production of a strategic report by company directors have not been discussed in depth in prior literature. This paper fills this gap by first providing empirical evidence on compliance with the relevant statutory provisions. It sheds light on the manner in which companies consider environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues in decision-making and the extent to which disclosure represents an effective strategy for engaging stakeholders in that process. It also evaluates the type and quality of information transferred from the company to stakeholders in the form of the strategic report. This first systematic review of strategic reporting in the UK carries international implications due to the high international shareholder base in FTSE 100 companies

Localized microstructural characterization of a dissimilar metal electron beam weld joint from an aerospace component

HICC and HE are known to cause failures in aerospace components. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE)and Hydrogen induced cold cracking (HICC) are influenced by the local misorientation, microstructural evolution, recrystallization of grains, residual plastic strain and the resultant grain boundary characteristic distribution (GBCD) brought about by welding processes. It is vitally important to quantify the microstructural evolution, degree of residual plastic strain and determine the GBCD across dissimilar weld joints in order to assess the susceptibility of the weld joint to these phenomena. In this investigation a full microstructural characterization study was carried at various locations within and around a dissimilar weld joint of Pulse-plated Nickel and Inconel 718, taken from an aerospace component. Areas examined included the base metals, weld fusion zone and heat affected zones on both side of weld dissimilar joints, formed via electron beam welding. Scanning electron microscopy/electron backscattering diffraction was employed to measure the crystal orientation distribution, grain size distribution,, misorientation distribution, residual plastic strain, grain structure, GBCD of the dissimilar weld joint. Metallurgical examination was carried out using SEM on HAZ in IN718 to investigate the secondary phase precipitates due to welding process

An investigation of micro-mechanisms in hydrogen induced cracking in nickel-based superalloy 718

Hydrogen embrittlement of the nickel-iron based superalloy 718 has been investigated using slow strain rate tests for pre-charged material and also in-situ hydrogen charging during testing. Fractography analyses have been carried using scanning electron microscopy, electron back-scattering diffraction and orientation image microscopy concentrating on the influence of microstructural features and associated micro-mechanisms leading to hydrogen induced cracking and embrittlement. It was observed that hydrogen induced transgranular cracking initiates at micro-voids in the crystal lattice. Similar behaviour has been observed in multi-scale finite element chemo-mechanical numerical simulations. In contrast, hydrogen induced localized slip intergranular cracking was associated with the formation of micro-voids in intergranular regions. The effects of grain boundary and triple junction character on intergranular hydrogen embrittlement were also investigated. It was observed that low end high angle misorientations (LHAM), 15° 55°. Finally, the use of grain boundary engineering techniques to increase the resistance of super alloy 718 to hydrogen induced cracking and embrittlement is discussed

Engaging stakeholders in corporate decision-making through strategic reporting: an empirical study of FTSE 100 companies (Part 2)

Non-financial reporting has risen in significance in recent years as the role of stakeholders who are not shareholders has been recognised in corporate governance frameworks. In the UK the ‘strategic reporting’ provisions of the Companies Act 2006 give effect to this policy. In Part 1 we examined the strategic reports of the FTSE 100 companies from 2015 and 2016 and focused on compliance by companies with nonfinancial reporting requirements. We found that compliance with those requirements was very high, amounting even to super or over-compliance. This article (Part 2 of the project) assesses the quality of non-financial reporting through a series of interviews. It evaluates whether the current regulatory framework on non-financial reporting in the UK informs stakeholders adequately so as to facilitate effective engagement in corporate decision-making

Proposed revisions to the UK Corporate Governance Code: a step forward in recognising a company’s responsibilities towards wider stakeholders?

Notes the Financial Reporting Council's consultation on proposed amendments to the UK Corporate Governance Code, and critically evaluates the revisions aimed at involving all stakeholders in corporate decisions, and requiring the board to report on how it has engaged with the workforce and other stakeholders in the context of compliance with the Companies Act 2006 s.172. Suggests potential changes to the proposals

Situating Just Transition as a distinct legal concept

Just Transition has attracted considerable attention as a policy objective in the EU, Scotland, Canada and beyond in recent years and has influenced policymakers and businesses in their respective approaches to net zero transition and sustainability more generally. However, it is unclear how the elements of Just Transition as a concept are linked with broader sustainability objectives and techniques that are often embedded in national and international legal instruments developed with expert scientific input, expressed through such initiatives as UN Sustainable Development Goals, EU Green Finance taxonomy, or carbon accounting and related net zero initiatives at the national level. Beyond general commitments to net zero, there is currently no clear sense in the national, regional and international policy spaces about how sustainability frameworks link to the concept of Just Transition and its planning frameworks. The problematic juxtaposition of Just Transition and sustainability can be considered from several perspectives. In this paper, we focus on the three normative dimensions of the concept of Just Transition: timeframes, equity, and the process of formulating transitional measures towards net-zero economy, and we also assess the need to strengthen the legal force of the concept, reflected in a cross-cutting dimension of legality. The concept of Just Transition, its meaning and policy relevance has been extensively discussed in the literature, in particular in law over the last few years. There is broad agreement that there is a need for the operationalisation of Just Transition and its governance across jurisdictions and political systems. To this end, scholars have examined the role of Just Transition in different areas of law and governance, such as human rights and climate law; as well as its institutional and political set-up across countries and regions. This paper aims to build on this emerging scholarship field and contribute to the debate in this area, by distinguishing Just Transition from sustainability more clearly, and by discussing how and to what extent the ideas of Just Transition that originated in the labour movements and evolved under the policy paradigm of sustainable development, have been carried over, adjusted, accommodated or reinvented in different legal sub-disciplines

Oral hygiene in the nursing care of elderly patients

Oral health is an important aspect in the nursing care of the elderly, as nurses are responsible for providing oral care to the elderly. This Bachelor’s thesis aim is to identify the ways nurses implement oral hygiene. This thesis was organized and conducted as a part of a literature review with an inductive approach of analizing the data. The authors retrieved the articles from Laurea Finna and EBSCOhost databases, which are freely offered to any student of University of Applied Sciences in Finland. The methodology was divided into 2 large sections: the first included the three phases of article selection, and the second the critical appraisal of the reviewed articles. Overall, this thorough review of the articles led to a total of ten articles that were thoroughly examined in the findings. The findings of this thesis showed that the oral hygiene is not implemented by the nurses, as it should be. The lack of adequate training in relation to oral care, insufficient supplies, lack of ample time, and inconsistent practices were the main factors that contributed to poor oral nursing care of elderly patients in long-term care facilities or hospitals. However, the authors found evidence that there has been continuous effort to optimize oral nursing care by either providing oral care specialized training to nurses or through the implementation of various innovative nursing interventions, which are based on the introduction of kits or other oral care tools that are easily available for the nurses to use. The authors of this paper suggest that the research on how the oral nursing care should be continued, and advocate for nursing researchers to conduct more in-depth analysis of the nursing aspects of oral care.Suun terveys on tärkeä osa vanhusten hoidossa varsinkin, kun he eivät itse välttämättä pysty toteuttamaan tätä itse. Tämän hoito ja vastuu siirtyvät hoitajille, jotka suunnittelevat ja toteuttavat hoitosuunnitelmia. Ikääntyvät hampaat tulevat usein omien hankaluuksien kanssa, joiden hoitajien pitäisi tunnistaa. Tämä opinnäytetyö keskittyy siihen, miten hoitajat toteuttavat vanhusten suun hygienian toteutuksen. Tässä opinnäytetyössä pyritään löytämään fokukseen tuloksia kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla. Opinnäytetyön tekijät ensimmäisessä vaiheessa hakivat artikkeleita hakusanojen mukaan. Tässä vaiheessa löytyi lukuisia artikkeleita. Toisessa vaiheessa karsittiin artikkelit, jotka eivät suoraan liittyneet opinnäytetyön fokukseen. Tämän jälkeen oli jäljellä kymmenen artikkeleita, jotka luettiin perusteellisesti. Näistä sitten kerättiin tuloksia. Tuloksissa ilmeni, että hoitajat ovat ylikuormittuneita ja tämän takia eivät välttämättä pysty toteuttamaan vanhusten suun hygienian hoitoa. Vanhusten reaktio hoitoon joissakin tapauksissa on este hoidon toteuttamiseen. Hoitajien lisäkouluttaminen liittyen suun hoitoon osoittautui hyvin olennaiseksi. Opinnäytetyössä suositellaan tutkimuksien suorittamista hoitotyössä, jotta olisi enemmän tietoa saatavilla