Motives and motivating leaders in aerobics classes: exercise motivation and instructors' leadership characteristics

The aim of this study was to investigate the motives of aerobics participants in relation to their perceived and preferred leadership behavior of aerobic instructors. Eighty seven aerobics participants (aged between 16–59 y) completed the cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Instruments assessed participantsʼ exercise motivation, and perceived and preferred leadership behaviour of their aerobic instructors.We found that in aerobics participants the appearance- and healthrelated dimensions of exercise motivation are higher ranked than flexibility and social motives. Although aerobics participants show relatively high levels of competitive and social motives compared with general population, the highest ranked incentive for them seems to be physical fitness. Aerobics participants perceive significantly less instructorsʼ democratic decision making, instruction, social support and positive feedback than they prefer, while they perceive significantly higher amount of autocratic decision making compared with their preference

Osalusajakirjandus ja Eesti maakonnalehtede toimetajate hinnang selle praktikate kohta

The aim of the paper was to collect different and diffused examples of practicing public journalism, also known as civic an grassroot journalism. The methodology of the paper is an interview. Nine interviews were conducted with chief editors of Estonian regional papers during April 2004. The aim of the interviews was first, to find out editors’ attitude towards the present involvement of the local peole. The second aim was to find out, what do Estonian regional papers’ chief editors think about selection of some public journalism’s practices. These were readers particpatory groups, media’s extended role as a campaigner compared to mainstream role of attempting to reflect reality; increased inolvment of citizens as sources compared to that of experts and finally, an attempt to avoid angling o conflict, but rather trying to smooth the subject and find common ground in it. It occured that editors found citizens’ present participation rather ineffective as it concentrated mostly on personal and communal issues. However, it was noted that the quality of feedback and offered issues is getting more useable. The citizen’s inability to communicate their suggestions regarding paper and its subjects was the biggest problem for editors. A reader knows only what he dislikes and cannot give constructive criticism, was a general conclusion. The editors tended not to support the idea of citizen’s participatory groups as they viewed it not suitable for individualistic and shy Estonians. The editors strongly disagreed with public journalism’s idea to avoid critical and conflictuous angling. Most of them agreed that there is a need to increase usage of ordinary people as sources for it attaches people to the paper and the number of expert sources is limited in regional areas as well. However, several editors mentioned that they had formed occasional readers’ groups when visiting a factory or a workplace. That could also be regarded as an inheritage of Soviet times, where the newsroom’s work with readers was similar, but ideologised and far more systematic than in public journalism. That, in turn, could be an explanation to a rather sceptic view of public journalism’s practices by some editors, as these may have reminded forced practices during Soviet times. In general, the editors stated their strong interest towards the opinon of their region’s people. However they remained somewhat sceptical regarding some practices, but kept an open mind of possibly using some of them.http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b1682421~S1*es

Analysis and economic justification of the need for repair and reconstruction works of a old farmhouse

Ehitusinseneri lõputöö Maaehituse õppekavalEestis on palju taluhooneid, mis on ehitatud 19. sajandi lõpul või 20. sajandi esimesel poolel ning mida inimesed soovivad tänu majanduslike võimaluste parenemisele ja maalähedase elulaadi populariseerimisele kaasajastama hakata. Käesoleva lõputöö eesmärgiks on selgitada välja, milliseid remont- ja rekonstrueerimistöid on Kinnika talu eluhoone puhul vaja teostada ja määrata nende tööde umbkaudne maksumus ning võrrelda saadud tulemusi uue samaväärse hoone ehitamise umbkaudse maksumusega ja selgitada välja, kumb ettevõtmine on majanduslikult kasulikum. Eelmainitud eesmärgi saavutamiseks viidi kõigepealt läbi uurimisobjektiks oleva hoone tehnilise seisukorra hindamine ja koostati selle põhjal vajalike remont- ja rekonstrueerimistööde loetelud ning määrati nende tööde mahud. Hoone tehnilise seisukorra hindamine viidi läbi visuaalse vaatluse ja termograafia meetodeid kasutades. Järgmise etapina koostati olemasoleva hoone põhjal uue samaväärse hoone joonised eelprojekti staadiumis ja vajalike ehitustööde loetelud ning määrati nende tööde mahud. Viimaks hangiti ehitusettevõtetelt mainitud tööde teostamise hinnapakkumised ja selgitati välja, kas soodsam on olemasoleva hoone remontimine ja rekonstrueerimine või uue samaväärse hoone ehitamine. Saadud hinnapakkumistest järeldus, et uurimisobjektiks oleva hoone remontimine ja rekonstrueerimine on uue samaväärse hoone ehitamisest kokkuvõtvalt 32’786 eurot odavam ning seetõttu majanduslikult mõistlikum. Hoonete maksumusi omavahel võrreldes on näha, et ülejäänutest märkimisväärselt kallimaks kujunevad nii olemasoleva hoone remontimise ja rekonstrueerimise kui ka uue hoone ehitamise korral katusega seotud tööd. Katusega seotud tööde maksumustele järgnevad kalliduse poolest mõlemal juhul vundamentide ja alustega, seinte pindadega ning vahelagedega seotud tööd, ületades 10’000 euro piiri. Märkimisväärseid erinevusi on näha hoonete kande-, jäigastavate ja piirdetarinditega, küttekolletega, fassaadi ja fassaadielementidega ning akendega seotud tööde maksumusi omavahel võrreldes. Kõikide mainitud hooneosadega seotud tööde maksumused on uue hoone ehitamise korral kallimad. Saadud tulemus on tingitud asjaolust, et uurimisobjektiks oleva hoone mainitud hooneosade tehniline seisukord on hea ja/või mainitud hooneosadega seotud vajalikud remont- ja rekonstrueerimistööd ning nendega kaasnevad kulutused on juba suures mahus tehtud. Kokkuvõtvalt võib öelda, et vana taluhoone remontimine ja rekonstrueerimine on selle asemel uue samaväärse hoone ehitamisest majanduslikult mõistlikum sellisel juhul, kui seda on aja jooksul asjatundlikult ning järjepidevalt remonditud. Käesoleva lõputöö praktiline väärtus seisneb selles, et see annab Kinnika talu omanikele soovitused ja tehnilised lahendused koos majanduslike põhjendustega olemasoleva eluhoone remontimiseks ja rekonstrueerimiseks ning aitab jõuda neil otsusele, kas hakata olemasolevat eluhoonet parandama või selle asemel uut hoonet ehitama. Kuigi iga taluhoone tehniline seisukord ning seetõttu ka vajalike remont- ja rekonstrueerimistööde loetelud ning maksumus on erinev, annab käesolev lõputöö teoreetilisi soovitusi ka teistele sarnaste taluhoonete omanikele.Estonia has many farmhouses that were built in the late 19th or first half of the 20th century. As economic opportunities have improved and rural life has popularized, people are thinking more and more about modernizing old farmhouses. The aim of this thesis is to find out which repair and reconstruction works are needed in the residential building of Kinnika farm and to determine the cost of these works and to compare the obtained results with the cost of building a new equivalent farmhouse and to find out which proposition would be more economically viable. In order to achieve the above-mentioned goal, first of all, the assessment of the technical condition of the building under investigation was carried out. Then on the basis of it the lists of necessary repair and reconstruction works were compiled and the volumes of these works were determined. The assessment of the technical condition of the building was carried out using visual observation and thermography methods. In the next stage, on the basis of the existing building, drawings of a new equivalent building at the preliminary design stage and lists of necessary construction works were prepared and the volumes of these works were determined. Finally, price offers from different construction companies were obtained for needed constructions and it was assessed whether it was more advantageous to repair and reconstruct an existing building or build a new one. From the received price offers, it was concluded that the repair and reconstruction of the investigated building is a total of EUR 32 786 cheaper and therefore economically reasonable than the construction of a new equivalent building. When comparing the estimated costs of needed constructions, it is seen that the works related to the roof will be significantly more expensive than other constructional works. That is in the case of repair and reconstruction of the existing building as well as construction of a new building. In both cases, the cost of roofing work is followed by work on foundations, wall surfaces and ceilings. These constructions are all exceeding the EUR 10 000 threshold. Significant differences can be seen in the comparison of the costs of works related to load-bearing, stiffening and fencing structures, heating fireplaces, facade and facade elements and windows. The costs of all the mentioned constructions are more expensive when building a new farmhouse. The result obtained is due to the fact that the technical condition of the mentioned parts of the building under investigation is already good and / or the necessary repair and reconstruction works related to the said parts of the building and the related costs have already been incurred to a large extent. In conclusion, the repair and reconstruction of an old farmhouse is economically more reasonable than the construction of a new building if the existing house has been professionally and consistently repaired over time. The practical value of this thesis is to provide the owners of Kinnika farm with recommendations with economic justifications for the repair and reconstruction of the existing residential building and help them to decide whether to start repairing the existing farmhouse or build a new one instead. Although the technical condition of each farmhouse and therefore also the lists and cost of necessary repair and reconstruction works are different, this thesis also provides theoretical recommendations to other owners of similar farmhouses

Highly fluorinated naphthalenes and bifurcated C–H⋯F–C hydrogen bonding

The synthesis and crystal structures of 1,2,4,5,6,8-hexafluoronaphthalene and 1,2,4,6,8-pentafluoronaphthalene are reported. Intermolecular interactions are dominated by offset stacking and by C–H⋯F–C hydrogen bonds. For hexafluoronaphthalene, molecules are linked in layers with (4,4) network topology via R12(6) C–H⋯(F–C)2 supramolecular synthons that are rationalised by consideration of the calculated electrostatic potential of the molecule. Such an arrangement is prevented by the additional hydrogen atom in pentafluoronaphthalene and molecules instead form tapes via an R12(8) (C–H⋯F)2 synthon. The geometric characteristics of C–H⋯(F–C)2 bifurcated hydrogen bonds have been analysed for crystal structures in the Cambridge Structural Database (6416 crystal structures; 9534 C–H⋯(F–C)2 bifurcated hydrogen bonds). A geometric analysis of these hydrogen bonds has enabled the extent of asymmetry of these hydrogen bonds to be assessed and indicates a preference for symmetrically bifurcated interactions

OVERCOOLED AUSTENITE STABILITY DETERMINATION METHOD

FIELD: metallurgy, namely methods for determining influence of outer actions upon stability of overcooled austenite of low- and mean-carbon steels. SUBSTANCE: method is designed for determining influence upon stability of austenite stresses applied to sample, selected modes of hot and warm plastic deformation and cooling rate of articles. Method comprises steps of heating sample of low- and mean-carbon steel till austenite forming temperature; applying to sample load with predetermined sign and value; cooling loaded sample; measuring hardness along length of sample on two ground diametrically opposite surfaces; plotting and analyzing hardness distribution curve; according to changed positions of hardness distribution curves evaluating influence of stress-deformed state upon destruction of overcooled austenite. EFFECT: enhanced accuracy of determining factors influencing upon stability of austenite. 3 dwg.Изобретение относится к области металлургии, а именно к способам определения влияния внешних воздействий на устойчивость переохлажденного аустенита (УПА) мало- и среднеуглеродистых сталей. Для определения влияния на устойчивость аустенита приложенных к образцу напряжений, выбора режимов горячей и теплой пластической деформации и скорости охлаждения изделий образец из мало- и среднеуглеродистой стали нагревают до температуры формирования аустенита, прикладывают к образцу нагрузку определенного знака и величины, производят охлаждение образца в нагруженном состоянии, замеряют твердость по длине образца на двух сошлифованных диаметрально противоположных поверхностях, строят и анализируют кривую распределения твердости. По изменению положения кривых распределения твердости оценивают влияние напряженно-деформированного воздействия на распад переохлажденного аустенита. 3 ил

Compassion Fatigue Among Recent Bachelor of Science in Nursing New Graduates

Purpose: To describe symptoms, triggers, and outcomes of compassion fatigue (CF) among newly licensed registered nurses in southern Arizona. Background: Compassion fatigue is an occupational hazard unique to workers in the caring professions. Symptoms reflect burnout, which stems from the work environment, and the internal response to witnessing the grief of others, known as secondary traumatic stress. Newly licensed registered nurses are a unique population, as they are in their first months of honing their professional practice and advocating for themselves without the help of an academic institution. There is no evidence that new nurses are immune to the risk of compassion fatigue. Method: Two workshops were developed to reduce risk of compassion fatigue among newly licensed registered nurses (N=4), through education and skills training. Participants were educated regarding the phenomenon of compassion fatigue or coping strategies, and each content area included dialogue. Dialogues were analyzed for commonalities of experiences, symptoms, triggers, and outcomes of compassion fatigue. Findings: Participants reported fatigue and burnout due to lack of institutional support, the rapid transition from supervised student nurse to autonomy, lack of technical knowledge, and expectation to work on additional trainings from home. The lack of ability and comfort to advocate for oneself caused high anxiety; participants noted that this skill is not learned in nursing school and develops only with actual nursing experience. Participants admitted to having poor boundaries, which allows patients, co-workers, and the institution to ‘take advantage’ of their novice status. Despite feeling compassion fatigue, all participants noted that they still have compassion for their patients. Implications: Burnout appears to be a significant risk factor of compassion fatigue development in the new registered nurse. New nurses depend more on their didactic education as they transition into full autonomy. These participants desired longer, more supportive training programs via residencies lasting at least several months. The new nurse should have training in professional advocacy that does not jeopardize interprofessional or interpersonal relationships. Participants describe that they still have compassion for their patients; a new phrase may be indicated to describe the phenomenon