Effects of magnesium with or without boron on headshaking behavior in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.

BackgroundOral administration of magnesium and boron might have a beneficial effect on headshaking behavior in horses.ObjectiveEvaluate the effects of oral magnesium alone or in combination with boron on headshaking behavior in affected horses.AnimalsTwelve geldings (6 healthy controls and 6 affected).MethodsProspective randomized controlled dietary trial over 42 days in 12 horses (6 horses diagnosed with trigeminal-mediated headshaking and 6 unaffected healthy controls). All horses received a hay diet and were randomized into 3 treatment groups: pelleted feed combination (PF), pelleted feed combination with magnesium (M), and pelleted feed combination with magnesium-boron (MB) with a week washout of hay only between treatments. Headshaking behavior and biochemical blood variables were assessed at baseline (hay only) and then after each week of supplementation.ResultsAll 3 diet interventions increased blood ionized and total magnesium. Groups M and MB further increased Mg2+ when compared to PF. Horses receiving treatments had a significant reduction in headshaking behavior, as measured by incidence rate ratio (IRR), when compared to unsupplemented hay diet (44% for PF, IRR, 0.558; CI, 0.44, 0.72; P < .001; 52% for M, IRR, 0.476; CI, 0.37, 0.62; P < .001; and 64% for MB, IRR, 0.358; CI, 0.27, 0.48; P < .001).Conclusions and clinical importanceMagnesium in combination with boron had the greatest decrease in headshaking. Oral supplementation with magnesium or magnesium in combination with boron should be considered in horses affected with headshaking

Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate and its effect on horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.

BackgroundTrigeminal-mediated headshaking results from low-threshold firing of the trigeminal nerve resulting in apparent facial pain. Magnesium may have neuroprotective effects on nerve firing that potentially dampen signs of neuropathic pain. This hypothesis has not been investigated in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.ObjectiveTo investigate head-shaking behavior in affected horses after IV magnesium sulfate infusion.AnimalsSix geldings with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.MethodsProspective randomized crossover study. Horses were controlled for diet and infused IV with 5% dextrose solution (DS; control solution at 2 mL/kg body weight [BW]) and MgSO4 50% solution (MSS at 40 mg/kg BW). Head-shaking behavior was recorded at times T0 (baseline, before infusion) and T15, T30, T60, and T120 minutes post-infusion. Venous blood variables such as pH, HCO3 - , standard base excess (SBE), Na+ , Cl- , K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , total magnesium (tMg), glucose, and lactate were measured; strong ion difference (SID) and anion gap (AG) were calculated for each time point.ResultsBlood variables including pH, Na+ , Cl- , K+ , SID, AG, lactate, Ca2+ , tMg, and Mg2+ had significant changes with MSS as compared to DS treatment. Glucose, SBE, and HCO3 - did not have significant changes. A 29% reduction in head-shaking rate occurred after MSS treatment but no change occurred after DS treatment.Conclusions and clinical importanceAdministration of MSS IV increased plasma total and ionized magnesium concentrations and significantly decreased head-shaking behavior in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking

Luteinizing hormone concentrations in healthy horses and horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking over an 8-hour period.

BackgroundTrigeminal-mediated headshaking results from a low threshold for firing of the trigeminal nerve. A seasonal component has been implicated in onset of clinical signs, which occur during the spring and summer months. Geldings are overrepresented in the affected population and hormonal differences as compared to a healthy control population of geldings might contribute to headshaking.Objective/hypothesisTo assess concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) over an 8-hour period in gelded healthy controls and horses affected with headshaking. Our hypothesis was that geldings with seasonal headshaking would have higher concentrations of LH over an 8-hour period compared to control horses during the summer when affected horses manifested headshaking.AnimalsTwelve geldings (6 controls and 6 affected).MethodsProspective controlled trial. Blood samples were drawn every 15 minutes over an 8-hour time period during summer from all horses to measure circulating LH concentrations by using a radioimmunoassay for equine LH. All affected horses were actively affected by headshaking at the time of sample collection.ResultsNo statistically significant differences in LH concentrations were found throughout the study period in headshakers as compared to control horses. Time had no significant effect, but a slight decrease in LH concentrations was observed for all horses. The main limitation of the study was the low number of horses.Conclusions and clinical importanceHorses affected with headshaking did not have significant differences in circulating LH during the late summer as compared to control horses

Menguras Bumi, Merebut Kursi: Patronase Politik-Bisnis Alih Fungsi Lahandi Kabupaten Kutai Barat dan Ketapang

Soal alih fungsi lahan dan deforestasi sangat terkait dengan kepentingan politik. Oleh karena itu, untuk memahami persoalan deforestasi di Indonesia, maka dibutuhkan pemahaman tentang politik. Dinamika dan kontestasi politik di tingkat lokal membutuhkan industri hutan, perkebunan dan pertambangan sebagai penopang pendanaan. Di daerah yang kaya sumber daya alam, konsesi pengelolaan sumber daya alam menjadi salah satu sumber pendanaan utama. Dari sini kemudian muncul apa yang diformulasikan oleh Ross (2004) sebagai rent-seizing, yakni kecenderungan pemegang kekuasaan untuk berlomba-lomba mengalokasikan rente karena kenaikan harga sumber daya alam. Keuntungan besar yang bisa diperoleh oleh industri perkebunan serta keuntungan besar bagi pemegang konsesi tambang membuat pengambil kebijakan justru memberikan konsesi. Jadi bukannya mengelola sumber daya alam secara berkelanjutan dengan memperhatikan kelestarian lingkungan yang notabene merupakan tugas pokok pemerintah dan elit politik, tapi justru memberikan konsesi dan turut menikmati rente. Rente ini bisa didapat dengan membentuk Perusahaan atau dengan menarik pungutan dalam perizinan dan konsesi. Rente dari sumber daya alam ini yang kemudian dipergunakan oleh elit politik untuk membiayai mereka dalam kompetisi politik. Di Kabupaten Kutai Barat, Kalimantan Timur dan di Kabupaten Ketapang, Kalimantan Barat, elit politik mengandalkan pendanaan pada industri yang terkait alih fungsi lahan. Salah satu sumber uang adalah uang pelicin atau suap dalam pengurusan perizinan. Untuk mendapatkan konsesi dibutuhkan cukup banyak perizinan dan untuk mendapatkan setiap izin, diperlukan biaya yang tidak sedikit

Instrumentos de avaliação em reumatologia: importância de sua tradução e validação para nosso idioma

Revista Brasileira de ReumatologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

Geochemical Signature of Mesozoic Volcanic and Granitic Rocks in Madina Regency Area, North Sumatra, Indonesia, and Its Tectonic Implication

Http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol4no2.20094Five samples consisting of two Permian-Triassic basalts, two Triassic-Jurassic granitic rocks, and a Miocene andesite were collected from the Madina Regency area in North Sumatra that is regionally situated on the West Sumatra Block. Previous authors have proposed three different scenarios for the geological setting of West Sumatra Permian Plutonic-Volcanic Belt, namely an island-arc, subduction related continental margin arc, and continental break-up. Petrographic analysis of the Mesozoic basaltic samples indicates that they are island-arcs in origin; however their trace element spider diagram patterns (Rock/MORB ratio) also show the character of back-arc marginal basin, besides the island-arc. Furthermore, their REE spider diagram patterns (Rock/ Chondrite ratio) clearly reveal that they were actually generated in a back-arc marginal basin tectonic setting. Meanwhile, the two Mesozoic granitic rocks and the Miocene andesite reflect the character of an active continental margin. Their spider diagram patterns show a significant enrichment on incompat- ible elements, usually derived from fluids of the subducted slab beneath the subduction zone. The high enrichment on Th makes their plots on Ta/Yb versus Th/Yb diagram are shifted to outside the active continental margin field. Although the volcanic-plutonic products represent different ages, their La/Ce ratio leads to a probability that they have been derived from the same magma sources. This study offers another different scenario for the geological setting of West Sumatra Permian Plutonic-Volcanic Belt, where the magmatic activities started in a back-arc marginal basin tectonic setting during the Permian-Triassic time and changed to an active continental margin during Triassic to Miocene. The data are collected through petrographic and chemical analyses for major, trace, and REE includ- ing literature studies

Immunogenicity of a Prime-Boost Vaccine Containing the Circumsporozoite Proteins of Plasmodium vivax in Rodents

Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread and the second most prevalent malaria-causing species in the world. Current measures used to control the transmission of this disease would benefit from the development of an efficacious vaccine. in the case of the deadly parasite P. falciparum, the recombinant RTS,S vaccine containing the circumsporozoite antigen (CSP) consistently protects 30 to 50% of human volunteers against infection and is undergoing phase III clinical trials in Africa with similar efficacy. These findings encouraged us to develop a P. vivax vaccine containing the three circulating allelic forms of P. vivax CSP. Toward this goal, we generated three recombinant bacterial proteins representing the CSP alleles, as well as a hybrid polypeptide called PvCSP-All-CSP-epitopes. This hybrid contains the conserved N and C termini of P. vivax CSP and the three variant repeat domains in tandem. We also generated simian and human recombinant replication-defective adenovirus vectors expressing PvCSP-All-CSP-epitopes. Mice immunized with the mixture of recombinant proteins in a formulation containing the adjuvant poly(I.C) developed high and long-lasting serum IgG titers comparable to those elicited by proteins emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Antibody titers were similar in mice immunized with homologous (protein-protein) and heterologous (adenovirus- protein) vaccine regimens. the antibodies recognized the three allelic forms of CSP, reacted to the repeated and nonrepeated regions of CSP, and recognized sporozoites expressing the alleles VK210 and VK247. the vaccine formulations described in this work should be useful for the further development of an anti-P. vivax vaccine.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)PNPDCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Ctr Terapia Celular & Mol CTCMol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilWistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USAMalaria Vaccine & Drug Dev Ctr, Cali, ColombiaUniv Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, Florianopolis, SC, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut, Dept Anal Clin & Toxicol, São Paulo, BrazilNYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Michael Heidelberger Div, New York, NY USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Ctr Terapia Celular & Mol CTCMol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2009/15432-4FAPESP: 2012/13032-5CNPq: 471087/2013-0Web of Scienc

PEMANFAATAN PEKARANGAN KELUARGA PETANI DI DESA PARA-LELE, KECAMATAN TATOARENG, KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SANGIHE

This study aims to identify the area of yard farmland owned by the farmers' families in the cultivation of vegetables and spices and to identify the amount of costs incurred by the family of farmers for the consumption of vegetables and spices in one month. This study was conducted for three months from the time of preparation to the preparation of the final research report.Activitiesbegin from September to November 2017. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data obtained from the respondents through surveys, documentation, interviews using a list of questions that have been prepared first.Teknik sample used is purposive sampling technique with the number of samples of 30 respondents. With the provisions of the families of farmers who grow vegetables and spices as many as 15 respondent and farm families who do not grow vegetables and spices as many as 15 respondent. Then the data collected will be analyzed descriptively and presented in written form and table. Based on data analysis that has been collected, it is concluded that the area of yard area owned by family of farmers who grow vegetables and spices mostly located in the area between 100 m² - 120 m² whereas family of farmers who do not plant vegetables and spices mostly located in the area between 121 m² - 140 m². As for the cost of consumption of vegetables, both farming families who do not plant, the average cost of Rp 330,000- Rp 599,000. for the cost of spice consumption of both planting and non-planting farm families, the average cost of Rp 289,000 - Rp.576,000