Supplier segmentation: A systematic literature review

Supplier Segmentation is one of the key activities of supplier relationship management (SRM) for companies with a large number of suppliers. It involves dividing the suppliers into a manageable number of segments, to formulate SRM strategies for the various segments, rather than for each individual supplier. In recent years, supplier segmentation has drawn the attention of a number of researchers. The aim of this study is to provide a systematic review of existing literature on supplier segmentation and identify the future trend in this research area using a combination of Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Citation Network Analysis (CNA). After determining the search protocol and paper selection indexes, 52 papers were eventually selected, and analyzed, in accordance with the steps proposed in the SLR and CNA methods. The results show that researchers tend to favor the portfolio-involvement approach and decision-making techniques in supplier segmentation research domain. A comprehensive analysis of the studies made it possible to distill the future research trend. This research area requires further study involving the supply chain paradigms, the impact of supplier segmentation on performance, and the analysis of the supplier relationship management as a whole, with supplier segmentation being one of its components

Supplier selection based on multi-stakeholder Best- Worst Method

Supplier selection and supplier segmentation are two interdependent crucial steps of effective supplier relationship management. Supplier selection is formulated as a multi-criteria decision-making problem, in which evaluation criteria play a critical role in a realistic assessment of the suppliers. The evaluation criteria can be used to link supplier selection and segmentation steps to have a more efficient and effective supplier relationship management. A multi-stakeholder Best-Worst Method (BWM) is used for supplier selection. The proposed method is a proper tool to handle the optimal weights of the BWM, which are in the form of intervals. The proposed approach enables decision-makers to avoid information loss within their decision-making procedure resulting in more realistic decisions. A real-world case study is used to illustrate the proposed decision-making framework. The final results show the best suppliers based on both capabilities and willingness dimensions which can be selected by the case company

Design, Modeling, and Nonlinear Dynamics of a Cantilever Beam-Rigid Body Microgyroscope

A new type of cantilever beam gyroscope is introduced, modeled, and analyzed. The main structure includes a cantilever beam and a rigid body attached to the free end of the beam. The model accounts for the eccentricity, that is the offset of the center of mass of the rigid body relative to the beam's free end. The first and second moments of mass and the rotary inertia appear in the equations of motion and boundary conditions. The common mechanism of electrostatic actuation of microgyroscopes is used with the difference of computing the force at the center of mass resulting in the electrostatic force and moment in the boundary conditions. By using the extended Hamilton's principle, the method of assumed modes, and Lagrange's differential equations, the equations of motion, boundary conditions, and the discretized model are developed. The generalized model simplifies to other beam gyroscope models by setting the required parameters to zero. Considering the DC and AC components of the actuating and sensing methods, the response is resolved into the static and dynamic components. The static configuration is studied for an increasing DC voltage. For the uncoupled system of equations, the explicit equation relating the DC load and the static configuration is computed and solved for the static configuration of the beam-rigid body in each direction. Including the rotation rate, the stationary analysis is performed, the stationary pull-in voltage is identified, and it is shown that the angular rotation rate does not affect the static configuration. The modal frequencies of the beam-rigid body gyroscope are studied and the instability region due to the rotation rate is computed. It is shown that the gyroscope can operate in the frequency modulation mode and the amplitude modulation mode. To operate the beam-rigid body gyroscope in the frequency modulation mode, the closed-form relation of the observed modal frequency split and the input rotation rate is computed. The calibration curves are generated for a variety of DC loads. It is shown that the scale factor improves by matching the zero rotation rate natural frequencies. The method of multiple scales is used to study the reduced-order nonlinear dynamics of the oscillations around the static equilibrium. The modulation equations, the ``slow'' system, are derived and solved for the steady-state solutions. The computational shooting method is employed to evaluate the results of the perturbation method. The frequency response and force response plots are generated. For combinations of parameters resulting in a single-valued response, the two methods are in excellent agreement. The synchronization of the response occurs in the sense direction for initially mismatched natural frequencies. The global stability of the system is studied by drawing phase-plane diagrams and long-time integration of response trajectories. The separatrices are computed, the jump phenomena is numerically shown, and the dynamic pull-in of the response is demonstrated. The fold bifurcation points are identified and it is shown that the response jumps to the higher/lower branch beyond the bifurcation points in forward/backward sweep of the amplitude and the excitation frequency of AC voltage. The mechanical-thermal (thermomechanical) noise effect on the sense response is characterized by using a linear approximation of the system and the nonlinear "slow" system obtained by using the method of multiple scales. To perform linear analysis, the negligible effect of Coriolis force on the drive amplitude is discarded. The second-order drive resonator is solved for the drive amplitude and phase. Finding the sense response due to the thermal noise force and the Coriolis force and equating them computes the mechanical-thermal noise equivalent rotation rate in terms of system parameters and mode shapes. The noise force is included in the third-order equation of the perturbation and equation to account for that in the reduced-order nonlinear response. The numerical results of linear and reduced-order nonlinear thermal noise analyses agree. It is shown that higher quality factor, higher AC voltage, and operating at lower DC points result in better resolution of the microsensor

Effect of the position of the PCM on the thermal behavior of a multilayer wall of a building in summer period

In Tunisia, this sector will occupy the first place in terms of energy consumption in a few years. To remedy this, we must move towards renewable energy sources that partially or totally replace fossil fuels such as oil, coal, etc., and developing ways to make the building more energy efficient in order to save and reduce energy consumption while working to ensure better comfort for the occupant. This work deals with a numerical study based on the nodal method using software (DIGITAL Visual FORTRAN95) to predict the effect of integrating a PCM layer on the thermal behavior of a two-zone building. The effect of the location of the PCM in the wall on its thermal behavior is demonstrated, and the thermal performance of the PCM is demonstrated by considering energy indicators based on the indoor air temperature and the indoor and outdoor surface temperature of the building. It was concluded that the incorporation of PCM into the building envelope increased its thermal inertia, directly influencing the perception of thermal comfort. This indicates that the use of PCM can contribute to improved thermal performance and a more comfortable indoor environment