El paisaje urbano histórico: modas, paradigmas y olvidos

Desde el Memorando de Viena, y tras seis años de debates y reuniones de expertos, está previsto que la 36ª Conferencia General de UNESCO adopte, en otoño de 2011, una Recomendación que propone una nueva aproximación a la conservación de los conjuntos urbanos históricos, cuyo elemento central es el concepto de paisaje urbano histórico. El paisaje urbano histórico supone la adaptación de la conservación del patrimonio urbano a los requerimientos de la sostenibilidad, y un avance hacia la consideración integrada de los diversos tipos de patrimonio y sus relaciones, pero plantea al mismo tiempo graves problemas de interpretación y de aplicación. El término paisaje está de moda y permite integrar muchos aspectos diversos en una sola palabra, tantos que es impreciso, difícil de aplicar y fácil de tergiversar. Por otra parte, este concepto se propone como una respuesta a los 'nuevos' problemas que afronta la conservación de los conjuntos históricos, pero en su formulación está ausente la reflexión critica acerca de la cuestión social (cómo revitalizar sin gentrificar los conjuntos urbanos históricos) que, planteada desde hace décadas, sigue lejos de estar resuelta. Palabras clave: UNESCO, patrimonio mundial, patrimonio urbano, paisaje cultural, paisaje urbano histórico (PUH), arquitectura contemporánea.Since the Vienna Memorandum, and after six years of expert meetings and debates, it is programmed that UNESCO's General Conference adopts at its 36th session, in autumn 2011, a Recommendation which proposes a new approximation to urban historic ensembles conservation. The historic urban landscape means to adapt conservation of urban heritage according to the requirements of the sustainability, and advance towards an integrated consideration of different heritage kinds and its accounts. But at same time it generates serious problems of interpretation and application. The term "landscape" is in fashion, and it allows to embrace numerous aspects with one word; there are so many that the term becomes imprecise, difficult to apply, and easy to distort. On the other hand, historic urban landscape is proposed as an answer to 'new' problems of urban ensembles conservation; but in its proposal is lacking the critic reflection in regards to the social issue (how to revitalize, without gentrifying, the historic urban ensemble) that, established decades ago, is far from being solved

"Evaluación y control de deliberaciones legislativas"

La ponencia persigue, en esencia, dos propósitos. Uno es plantear y discutir un enfoque (tentativo) para evaluar la calidad de la argumentación legislativa en el parlamento, tal como esa argumentación puede reconstruirse a partir de los debates en pleno y en comisión sobre propuestas de ley. El otro propósito es discutir si —y en su caso, en qué medida— la calidad del debate legislativo en el parlamento debería tener algún peso en la determinación judicial de la (in)constitucionalidad de una ley.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Trust model for certificate revocation in Ad hoc networks

In this paper we propose a distributed trust model for certificate revocation in Adhoc networks. The proposed model allows trust to be built over time as the number of interactions between nodes increase. Furthermore, trust in a node is defined not only in terms of its potential for maliciousness, but also in terms of the quality of the service it provides. Trust in nodes where there is little or no history of interactions is determined by recommendations from other nodes. If the nodes in the network are selfish, trust is obtained by an exchange of portfolios. Bayesian networks form the underlying basis for this model

Gasping for AIR Why we need Linked Rules and Justifications on the Semantic Web

The Semantic Web is a distributed model for publishing, utilizing and extending structured information using Web protocols. One of the main goals of this technology is to automate the retrieval and integration of data and to enable the inference of interesting results. This automation requires logics and rule languages that make inferences, choose courses of action, and answer questions. The openness of the Web, however, leads to several issues including the handling of inconsistencies, integration of diverse information, and the determination of the quality and trustworthiness of the data. AIR is a Semantic Web-based rule language that provides this functionality while focusing on generating and tracking explanations for its inferences and actions as well as conforming to Linked Data principles. AIR supports Linked Rules, which allow rules to be combined, re-used and extended in a manner similar to Linked Data. Additionally, AIR explanations themselves are Semantic Web data so they can be used for further reasoning. In this paper we present an overview of AIR, discuss its potential as a Web rule language by providing examples of how its features can be leveraged for different inference requirements, and describe how justifications are represented and generated.This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Award No. CNS-0831442, by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Award No. FA9550-09-1-0152, and by Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity under Award No. FA8750-07-2-0031

The towers of the Spanish optical telegraph. Antecedents and variants of the architectural type

[EN] The Spanish optical telegraph was planned by the Ministry of the Interior in 1844 for civilian governmental use. It was a tower and telescope telegraph developed by Colonel José María Mathé, with a design clearly inspired by military sensibilities and considerations. This paper first analyses the contemporary military reference point of the embrasure tower as a military stronghold campaign. It goes on to examine the historical antecedents of watchtowers or signal towers from the 16th century and the freestanding or outpost towers from the 17th century. This is followed by a description of the architectural type of telegraph tower and an analysis of its variants, which gradually differed from the model typology in both form and materiality. Finally, it examines the military telegraph towers of the second and third Carlist wars. Thus, the historical and typological study emphasizes the military inspiration of the optical telegraph towers that has often gone unremarked in order to optimize the heritage characterization of the remaining structures.[ES] El telégrafo óptico español de uso civil gubernamental, planificado por el Ministerio de la Gobernación en 1844, fue un telégrafo de torre y anteojo, con un diseño-tipo de la torre de clara inspiración militar, a cargo del coronel José María Mathé. El artículo analiza en primer término el referente militar coetáneo de la torre aspillerada a modo de reducto de campaña. Posteriormente, se acomete el estudio de los antecedentes históricos en las torres vigía o de señales desde el siglo XVI y en las torres exentas o de avanzada desde el siglo XVII. Más adelante se expone el tipo arquitectónico de la torre telegráfica y se analizan sus variantes, que fueron diferenciándose de la tipología modelo tanto en su forma como en su materialidad. Finalmente, se hace un análisis de las torres telegráficas militares de la segunda y tercera guerra carlista. Este estudio histórico y tipológico enfatiza la inspiración militar de las torres de telegrafía óptica para la óptima caracterización patrimonial de los restos existentes.Este trabajo forma parte del Proyecto de Investigación titulado “Análisis y definición de estrategias para la caracterización, recuperación y puesta en valor del patrimonio de la obra pública. Una aproximación desde la escala territorial,” código PID2019-105877RA-I00, del Programa Estatal de I+D+i orientada a los retos de la sociedad, parte del Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020, de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades.Santos Y Ganges, L.; Lalana-Encinas, L. (2022). Las torres del telégrafo óptico español. Antecedentes y variantes del tipo arquitectónico. VLC arquitectura. Research Journal. 9(1):247-274. https://doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2022.154862472749

DPD-InfoGAN: Differentially Private Distributed InfoGAN

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are deep learning architectures capable of generating synthetic datasets. Despite producing high-quality synthetic images, the default GAN has no control over the kinds of images it generates. The Information Maximizing GAN (InfoGAN) is a variant of the default GAN that introduces feature-control variables that are automatically learned by the framework, hence providing greater control over the different kinds of images produced. Due to the high model complexity of InfoGAN, the generative distribution tends to be concentrated around the training data points. This is a critical problem as the models may inadvertently expose the sensitive and private information present in the dataset. To address this problem, we propose a differentially private version of InfoGAN (DP-InfoGAN). We also extend our framework to a distributed setting (DPD-InfoGAN) to allow clients to learn different attributes present in other clients' datasets in a privacy-preserving manner. In our experiments, we show that both DP-InfoGAN and DPD-InfoGAN can synthesize high-quality images with flexible control over image attributes while preserving privacy

Production of sintered NdFeB magnets from scrap alloy powders

Rare earth metals are at highest supply risk of all metals for clean technologies due to supply restrictions. Rare earth elements are essential for the highest energy permanent magnets which are used in high-tech green applications such as wind turbines and electric motors. This rare earth 'crisis' has been addressed by many authors by reducing or substituting the rare earths for less critical elements. The focus of this thesis, however, is on recycling of rare earth magnetic materials. Previous work has been focused on recycling NdFeB by re-sintering and blending alloying elements to improve the final magnetic properties. However, none of these studies have addressed the systematic addition of alloying elements or the particle size effect on the final magnetic performance of the recycled magnet. The work in this thesis is aimed at maximising the magnetic performance of recycled NdFeB magnets by investigating the effect of the manufacturing route and the influence of adding alloying elements. Uncoated end-of-life sintered NdFeB were exposed to hydrogen at room temperature to break them down into a friable powder; which was then milled, sieved, aligned, pressed and sintered into recycled magnets. The resulting magnets were tested on a permeameter at room temperature, 75 and 150oc to measure the magnetic properties. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the microstructures. Mechanical properties such as Vickers hardness and fracture toughness were also studied