Розробка системи керування опорно-поворотного пристрою на основі крокових двигунів типу ДБМ

As interest in renewable energy sources is steadily on the rise, tidal current energy is receiving more and more attention from politicans, industrialists, and academics. In this article, the conditions for and potential of tidal currents as an energy resource in Norway are reviewed. There having been a relatively small amount of academic work published in this particular field, closely related topics such as the energy situation in Norway in general, the oceanography of the Norwegian coastline, and numerical models of tidal currents in Norwegian waters are also examined. Two published tidal energy resource assessments are reviewed and compared to a desktop study made specifically for this review based on available data in pilot books. The argument is made that tidal current energy ought to be an important option for Norway in terms of renewable energy

Offshore exposure experiments on cuttlefish indicate received sound pressure and particle motion levels associated with acoustic trauma

Recent findings on cephalopods in laboratory conditions showed that exposure to artificial noise had a direct consequence on the statocyst, sensory organs, which are responsible for their equilibrium and movements in the water column. The question remained about the contribution of the consequent near-field particle motion influence from the tank walls, to the triggering of the trauma. Offshore noise controlled exposure experiments (CEE) on common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), were conducted at three different depths and distances from the source and particle motion and sound pressure measurements were performed at each location. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed injuries in statocysts, which severity was quantified and found to be proportional to the distance to the transducer. These findings are the first evidence of cephalopods sensitivity to anthropogenic noise sources in their natural habitat. From the measured received power spectrum of the sweep, it was possible to determine that the animals were exposed at levels ranging from 139 to 142¿dB re 1¿µPa2 and from 139 to 141 dB re 1¿µPa2, at 1/3 octave bands centred at 315¿Hz and 400¿Hz, respectively. These results could therefore be considered a coherent threshold estimation of noise levels that can trigger acoustic trauma in cephalopods.Postprint (published version

The Discursive Paradox of Environmental Conflict : Between Ecologism and Economism in Ecuador

Ecuador in times of the Rafael Correa government constitutes a prime example of the paradox of environmental conflict, in which all involved actors claim to represent the true vanguard concerning safeguarding of the environment and human conditions. The country presents the ecologically most progressive constitution in the world and also incorporates far-reaching recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights. Notwithstanding, the economy remains reliant on extractivism and the government argues that the revenues of extractive industries benefit the common good. Anchored in a distinction between environmentalism and ecologism, this article identifies and problematizes dominant narratives among the actors of the contentious discursive scenarios, and analyses how the state and its ecological-indigenous opposition aim to position themselves within the political conflict. The central questions are: How are eco-progressive politics perceived, defined and expressed in this setting of an intercultural and plurinational society economically reliant on natural resource extraction? Which values, interests and ontological assumptions are at stake and how are these expressed in the discursive struggle? The research is based on several years of ethnographic fieldwork, combined with critical reading of the previous literature and discourse analysis. The article contributes to politico-environmental debates in Ecuador and beyond and shows that environmental struggle is entangled in broader political disputes conditioned by global economic structures. It likewise communicates with debates on argumentative discourse and illustrates that the same core arguments can constitute the argumentative basis of rivalling actors in political struggles, thus emphasizing the centrality of the contextual framing amid ontological divides in contentious discursive settings. © 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Peer reviewe

Actions needed before insects can contribute to a real closed-loop circular economy in the EU

Insects are the waste managers of nature and could play a vital role in closing the loop of nutrients from society back into the food industry and thereby reduce the environmental impact of our food production system, as is the aim of EU's Farm to Fork strategy. Insects can be used to convert biodegradable waste into their own biomass that can be used as food or in animal feed, thus linking waste management to food production. However, food safety regulations prevent the use of around 70% of available food waste in the EU as rearing substrate for insects. To tap into the true environmental benefits of insects as an alternative protein source, they have to be reared on mixed food waste. The main reason for the food safety regulation is the outbreak of Mad Cow disease (BSE) in the 1980s, caused by prions (misfolded proteins). The circular system that gave rise to Mad Cow disease is the most closed loop system possible. Using insects in waste management to convert bio-waste into animal feed does not entail such a closed loop system, but rather introduces an extra barrier to disease transmission. In order to fully tap into the benefits of insects as an alternative protein source, it is crucial that funds are allocated to determine whether prions are truly a risk in a circular insect food production system

Bioconversion of aquaculture waste blended with vegetable by-products using Hermetia illucens larvae: Process parameters and larval quality

The constantly increasing aquaculture production generates high amounts of biowaste worldwide, which must be properly treated in order to keep aquaculture’s footprint low. This study aimed at evaluating the bioconversion of aquaculture waste streams (RAS sludge, fish trimmings, and harvest macroalgae waste) using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) larvae and the quality of the resulting larval biomass. The study was conducted in a modified shipping container simulating a large-scale setting and the diets were formulated using brewery spent grains and cabbage as base, mixing in aquaculture waste, aiming to treat the highest inclusion rate possible. A bioconversion efficiency of above 20 %DM and a material reduction generally above 55 %DM were observed, while generating a larval biomass that was rich in protein (> 35 %DM), essential amino acids and fatty acids. The larvae reared on fish trimmings (from an anchovy processing plant) had the highest crude fat content (29.0 ± 1.1 %DM) in relation to other treatments, while the macroalgae waste dietary inclusion generated larvae with low fat content (14.7 ± 1.5 %DM on average). Interestingly, it was observed that the addition of aquaculture wastes, even in small inclusion levels (between 15 % and 25 % on wet basis), reduced the concentration of saturated fatty acids in the larvae (especially lauric acid and pentadecanoic acid). It was concluded that BSF larvae are able to bioconvert varied aquaculture waste streams and it is possible to produce tailored larval biomass by adding such waste streams in their diets, enabling the production of a protein ingredient with specific traits to be used in aquafeeds

The impact of scale and frass recirculation on pathogen inactivation dynamics in black soldier fly larvae bioconversion

A promising waste management technology that has emerged within the past decade is bioconversion of waste with the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL). Regarding waste management purposes, hygiene is central. At present, most studies on BSFL conversion have been performed in small-scale laboratory settings, and the mechanisms behind the documented inactivation of microorganisms remain unclear. In this study, the inactivation dynamics of pathogens and indicator organisms during BSFL bioconversion of food waste was investigated. Two trials were conducted: one mimicking a large-scale industrial setup and another evaluating the impact of frass recirculation on pathogen reduction to better understand the potential role of bioactive compounds in frass. The results indicate that pathogen inactivation observed in small-scale setups is also applicable to large-scale systems, with no significant scale impact on inactivation. The primary difference between scales was increased water evaporation in larger systems, leading to higher electrical conductivity in the frass. Increased solid retention time through frass recirculation did not significantly affect pathogen inactivation but considerably improved the yield of larvae per treated tonne of food waste. The results clearly show that inactivation is linked to larval presence and activity. However, the specific mechanisms driving this effect remain unclear—whether due to bioactive compounds produced by the larvae, physico-chemical changes induced by their activity, or a combination of both. Future research should focus on the microbial risks associated with long-term frass recirculation and further explore the balance between biological and chemical inactivation factors

Process efficiency in relation to enzyme pre-treatment duration in black soldier fly larvae composting

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) composting is a treatment in which biodegradable food waste is converted into animal-feed protein and organic fertiliser. BSFL composting has greatest potential for mixed food waste, but under European Union regulations only plant-based waste is permitted as feed for larvae. Biomass conversion efficiency (BCE) in BSFL composting is lower for plant-based waste than for mixed food waste. One way of improving BCE for plant-based waste is to add enzymes to make the waste more available to the larvae, but enzyme pre-treatment is not commonly applied prior to BSFL composting. Therefore this study examined the impact of enzyme pre-treatment duration on process efficiency in BSFL composting of lettuce-cabbage waste pretreated with enzymes for 0-4 days. The results showed that total solids (TS) in larvae decreased with longer enzyme pre-treatment. Direct addition of enzymes at the start of BSFL treatment (0 day pre-treatment) resulted in 22% higher BCE on a volatile solids (VS) basis compared with the control, while longer pre-treatment did not improve BCE further. Much of the VS was respired in the 0-day pre-treatment, resulting in lower mass of residues at the end of treatment. Longer pre-treatment increased microbial respiration, suggesting that the microbial community consumed more easily available carbohydrates during the pre-treatment step, which counteracted the purpose of enzyme pre-treatment, i.e. increasing BCE during BSFL composting

Constitutivism

A brief explanation and overview of constitutivism

Indigeneity, decolonization and the paradox of extractive development in the Plurinational State of Bolivia

Históricamente, los pueblos indígenas fueron marginados y oprimidos en la economía política boliviana. En tiempos de Evo Morales en la presidencia y con la Constitución de 2009, la descolonización política, económica, social y cultural ha llegado a ser el proyecto central de la transformación del Estado y la sociedad. Por un lado, la nueva Constitución ha sido clasificada como una de las más progresistas del mundo en relación con los derechos étnicamente definidos. Los principios indígenas ético-filosóficos del Suma Qamaña/Vivir Bien, acerca de la relación armónica entre individuos y naturaleza fueron incorporados en la Constitución. Por otro lado, estos derechos colisionan con los derechos sociales más amplios (definidos por clase), e igualmente, con los derechos del Estado de extraer y comercializar los recursos naturales (en especial hidrocarburos y minería) bajo la bandera de la justicia redistributiva, reformas sociales y bien común, que en este estudio se define como la paradoja del desarrollismo extractivista. Este artículo se basa en un trabajo etnográfico y se problematiza el dilema extractivista y las tensiones entre derechos étnicos y derechos de clase. De esta manera, se aporta a los debates sobre la indigeneidad y la los desafíos y dilemas de proyectos descolonizadoresHistorically, indigenous peoples have been marginalized and oppressed in the Bolivian political economy. During the presidency of Evo Morales, and under the 2009 Constitution, political, economic, social and cultural decolonization has become the central project for the transformation of the State and society. On the one hand, the new Constitution has been classified as one of the most progressive in the world with respect to ethnically defined rights; the indigenous ethical-philosophical principles of Suma Qamaña/Vivir Bien, referring to the harmonious relationship between individuals and nature, have been incorporated into the Constitution. On the other hand, these rights collide with broader social rights (defined by class) and also the rights of the State to extract and market natural resources (especially hydrocarbon extraction and mining) under the banner of redistributive justice, social reforms and the common good. This collision is defined in this study as the paradox of extractivist developmentalism. The article is based on an ethnographic work and problematizes the extractivist dilemma and the tensions between ethnic rights and class rights, thus contributing to debates about indigeneity and the challenges and dilemmas of decolonizing project