A Survey of Digital Watermarking Techniques and its Applications

Digital media is the need of a people now a day as the alternate of paper media.As the technology grown up digital media required protection while transferring through internet or others mediums.Watermarking techniques have been developed to fulfill this requirement.This paper aims to provide a detailed survey of all watermarking techniques specially focuses on image watermarking types and its applications in today world.Comment: 4 Page

3-Dimensional simulation of multistage depressed collectors on microcomputers.

A three-dimensional (3-D) package for simulation of asymmetric and crossed-field multistage depressed collectors for microwave tubes has been developed. This package is based upon the 3-D finite-difference code KOBRA3-INP. The main features of the package are a user-friendly input interface, postprocessors for collector analysis and calculation of secondary electron trajectories, and versatile output graphics. Both PC and. mainframe versions of the package have been developed. The results of simple benchmark tests and those of simulation and analysis of asymmetric and crossed-field collectors including the effects of secondary electrons are presented. It is found that the asymmetric hyperbolic electric field collector shows very low backstreaming. It is shown that the representation of trajectories in energy space gives a better insight into the behavior of individual trajectories than plotting in coordinate-space. The package will be useful for designing novel types of depressed collector

Spin-0±0^\pm portal induced Dark Matter

Standard model (SM) spin-zero singlets are constrained through their di-Bosonic decay channels via an effective coupling induced by a vector-like quark (VLQ) loop at the LHC for $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. These spin-zero resonances are then considered as portals for scalar, vector or fermionic dark matter particle interactions with SM gauge bosons. We find that the model is validated with respect to the observations from LHC data and from cosmology, indirect and direct detection experiments for an appreciable range of scalar, vector and fermionic DM masses greater than 300 GeV and VLQ masses $\ge$ 400 GeV, corresponding to the three choice of portal masses 270 GeV, 500 GeV and 750 GeV respectively.Comment: 28 pages, 13 figures, and 2 table

Endometrial receptivity and human embryo implantation : in vivo and in vitro studies

Background: Infertility, one of the common gynaecological disorders, affects 10-15% women in their reproductive years. Despite the advances in assisted reproduction techniques and the best efforts of infertility specialists, implantation rates do not exceed more than 28-30%. Implantation failure is one of the major causes of infertility of couples with unexplained infertility. Understanding the mechanisms of human embryo implantation is important in the attempt to alleviate infertility, improve pregnancy rates and foetal health. This knowledge could also be further explored to develop new modalities for fertility regulation. Objective: To understand endometrial receptivity and the human embryo implantation process through experimental and translational research using in vivo and in vitro approaches. In Paper I, an in vitro three-dimensional embryo-endometrial cell culture model expressing receptivity markers ER-α, ER-β, PR-(A+B), PR-B, VEGF, LIF, IL-1β and COX-2 and αVβ3 and MUC1 was developed and tested for its progesterone regulation using anti-progestin mifepristone and gestagen levonorgestrel on the human embryo implantation process. It was found that none of the 15 embryos in the cultures exposed to mifepristone attached to the endometrial construct, whereas 10/17 in control and 6/14 in levonorgestrel groups did attach. This model was further utilised in Paper II to study the role of Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in human embryo implantation by using a potent LIF inhibitor, PEGLA (PEGylated LIF inhibitor). Inhibition of LIF by PEGLA, inhibited blastocyst attachment to the in vitro model, down-regulated its expression of AKT and triggered apoptosis in the inner cell mass, as studied by immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. Papers III and IV explored large-scale progesterone regulated human endometrial receptivity markers during the implantation window in stromal and epithelial compartments using a laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis. Interestingly, the expression of both the mRNA and the protein for ectonucleoside pyrophosphatase/phosphodiestrase 3 (ENPP3) in the epithelial compartment were not detectable in the progesterone-depleted group, as studied by microarray, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The major canonical pathways altered in epithelial compartment were oxidative phosphorylation and the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. In the stromal compartment, 101 genes were potentially differentially regulated (FC > 2; p < 0.05). Realtime PCR analysis showed significant differences in the expression of SFRP4 (6.73; p=0.005), CTSC (2.3; p=0.04), SMARCA 1 (1.66; p=0.02), CPM (16.37; p=0.03), MGN5 (1.82; p=0.03), MT1G (-333; p= 0.003) and MT2A (-4.67; p=0.03) with progesterone. The major canonical pathways differentially regulated with progesterone in stromal cells, as analysed by IPA, were EIF2 signalling and the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. Conclusion: In this study, an in vitro-three dimensional embryo-endometrial cell culture model to investigate the human embryo implantation process was established and this shed more light onto the role of LIF in the embryo implantation process. This model could be used to examine the embryoendometrial interaction that leads to successful implantation, as well as to develop new contraceptive agents. A novel endometrial epithelial progesterone-regulated receptivity marker, ENPP3, was identified and its potential application in ART needs to be explored further. The knowledge gained from the expression of progesterone-regulated genes in the endometrial, glandular and stromal compartments could assist in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in endometrial receptivity and would be beneficial for improving fertility rates in women, as well as paving way to the development of new endometrium-based fertility regulating agents

Effect of different levels of citric acid on quality and storage stability of sugar and jaggery based papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit bar

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different level of citric acid and packaging material on physico chemical quality, sensory quality and shelf life of developed papaya fruit bar .The study revealed that the moisture content (19.06% to 16.95% in PET jars – 19.06% to 17.06% in glass jars), TSS (64.17 to 69.30°Brix in PETjars and 64.17 to 69.46°Brix in glass jars), Vitamin- C (55.30 to 45.80 mg/100mg in PET jars and 55.30 to 46.75 mg/100mg in glass jars) and total plate count decreased with increasing the level of citric acid from 0.5 to 1.0% after 90 days of storage in. During storage there was a reduction in moisture content, pH and vitamin-C, where as TSS (total soluble solids), optical density and total plate count increased during storage. No microbial detection in developed fresh fruit bar was found. The organoleptic score of the bar samples in glass jars at 0.75% citric acid level was found to be higher followed by samples packed in PET jars and the developed fruit bar was well acceptable even after 90 days of storage. The result indicated that sugar50+jaggery50 at 0.75 percent citric acid level gave better products after 90 days of storage followed by sugar50+jaggery50 at 0.5 percent and sugar50+jaggery50 at 1.0 percent