Turkish Performance in Exporting Manufactures: A Comparative Structural Analysis

This paper considers the prospects for Turkish manufactured exports, now dominated by simple labour-intensive products. The importance to Turkey of diversifying its export base has risen with its EU free trade agreement, where it has advantages in labour-intensive exports but where special preferences will vanish soon. As a high wage economy, Turkey has to compete with low-wage countries in simple, low technology products. As a technologically lagging economy, it has to compete against high technology European firms. Both are difficult, as there remain important structural deficiencies in Turkish competitiveness. Strategic implications are drawn in the conclusions.

Educate to Hate: the use of education in the creation of antagonistic national identities in India and Pakistan

In states that are diverse, issues of national identity formation and who belongs and how they belong can, and often does, change over time. The article analyses how education was used as a tool to artificially create antagonistic national identities based on religious and ethnic definitions of who was Indian or Pakistani. It focuses in particular on how in India the BJP led government (1998-2004) and in Pakistan the government under General Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988) rewrote the curriculum and changed the text book content in order to create the "other" in order to suit their ideology and the politics of the day. Drawing on the original textbooks, extensive fieldwork interviews in both countries and on recent literature, the paper proposes the argument that fundamentalisation in general, and the fundamentalisation of textbooks in particular are state-controlled mechanisms through which to control society. They can also have serious international consequences as two antagonistic national identities oppose each other's definition of history and self

National strategies for technology adoption in the industrial sector: Lessons of recent experience in the developing regions

human development, technology

FDI and Development: Policy and Research Issues in the Emerging Context

This paper is a general review of the emerging policy and research issues in the current context of rapid technological change and policy liberalization. It deals with the benefits and costs of FDI to development and the market failures that affect their impact on developing host countries. It focuses on the impact of FDI on local enterprise development, static versus dynamic benefits and bargaining with TNCs. It ends with a brief catalogue of outstanding research issues.

Selective Industrial and Trade Policies in Developing Countries: Theoretical and Empirical Issues

This paper analyses the case for selective industrial and trade policies in Africa, drawing upon the lessons of East Asia. It reviews the theoretical arguments for government intervention in the context of technological learning, and relates this to the new environment of rapid technical change and globalisation of production. It also considers the risks of government failure in mounting selective policies, and concludes that the degree of selectivity has to be much less than in East Asia. The case for selective policies nevertheless remains strong, if Africa is to make any industrial progress.

The Employment Impact Of Globalisation In Developing Countries

The relationship between globalization and employment is of growing significance to policy makers in developing countries, but is surprisingly difficult to analyse theoretically and empirically. 'Globalization' means different things to different analysts and it is so multi-faceted that its effects are difficult to isolate and evaluate. Received trade theory does not provide a clear guide to its employment effects and in its most commonly used version it assumes away many factors that affect employment during globalization. Much finally depends on the ability of each country to cope with the liberalised trade, investment and technology flows that globalization implies. As this ability varies widely across the developing world - and is continuing to diverge between countries - it appears that no generalisation about the globalization-employment relationship is possible.

Export Performance and Competitiveness in the Philippines

After decades of weak growth, Philippine manufactured exports have performed impressively in recent years, better than those of most other South East Asian economies. This paper examines the sources of Philippine export dynamism and asks whether the current pace of growth is sustainable. It finds that the competitive base is very narrow, dominated by one product group and, within that, one product (semiconductors). This is a fast growing, high technology product, with great potential for future growth and spillovers; however, Philippines specialises in low-end final assembly and testing, where it is vulnerable to competitive entry and technological change. The paper ends with policy implications.