Matrix-free hydrodynamic study on the size distribution and conformation of three technical lignins from wood and non-wood

Molecular weight (MW) and related conformational data of three commercially available technical lignins (Alcell L, kraft L, and soda L) have been studied by means of analytical ultracentrifugation, taking advantage of some recent developments in both sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium determinations. The lignins were dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (with ca. 90% solubility), and solutions were studied with regards to their oligomeric state, heterogeneity profiles (distribution of sedimentation coefficients), and molecular weight distributions (MWD). Alcell L and soda L have similar properties showing one major low MW component and two minor high MW components, whereas kraft L appears to be larger and more uniform, i.e., it shows a more monodisperse MWD. Weight average molecular weight (Mw) data from sedimentation equilibrium obtained by the new SEDFIT-MSTAR procedure in conjunction with MULTISIG analysis were found to be ~18 kDa (Alcell L), 25 kDa (kraft L), and 15 kDa (soda L). Further analysis of the data by means of the routines MULTISIG and M_INVEQ confirmed the presence of additional components in Alcell L and soda L, and the larger size and high degree of monodispersity of kraft L. The intrinsic viscosity data of the three lignins were found to be very similar in the range of 22–24 ml g-1, and all data were consistent with an elongated plate shape molecular structure with an equivalent discoid aspect ratio ~30

Libro de cocina ó pequeña recopilación de recetas culinarias

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 2012-201

Evolución del consumo de hipolipemiantes durante 2012-2014 en el área sanitaria del hospital universitario Severo Ochoa

Introducción Los medicamentos hipolipemiantes son un grupo heterogéneo de fármacos cuyo objetivo es reducir el riesgo de futuros eventos cardiovasculares; se encuentran en la actualidad entre los más usados y de mayor repercusión sobre el Sistema Nacional de la Salud. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en describir el patrón de utilización de dichos fármacos entre 2012 y 2014 en un área sanitaria de la Comunidad de Madrid. Material y Métodos Se estudiaron las prescripciones realizadas en receta del Sistema Nacional de Salud de los fármacos hipolipemiantes en el área de Leganés en el periodo entre 2012 y 2014. Para el estudio de los principios activos se ha adoptado el sistema de clasificación internacional de la OMS, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Clasification (ATC), y su unidad de medida, la dosis diaria definida (DDD). Otros parámetros de medida usados han sido el número de envases, el importe económico y el Coste Tratamiento Día. Resultados El importe de hipolipemiantes en AP, durante los 3 años de estudio fue de 5.100.253 € correspondientes a 790.477 envases, mientras que en AE fue mucho menor, 106.648 € correspondientes a 9.654 envases. El número de envases en AP ha aumentado desde el 1º al 3º año, sin embargo, en el 2º año hubo un descenso en el consumo como consecuencia de las medidas de austeridad del Gobierno. El subgrupo más consumido durante el periodo de estudio fue el de las estatinas. El fármaco más utilizado en AE fue la atorvastatina que pasó de 0.920 DHD en 2012 a 0,878 DHD en 2014 y el segundo más consumido fue la simvastatina con 0,154 DHD en 2014.En cuanto a los secuestradores de ácidos biliares y de los derivados del ácido nicotínico su tendencia fue constante y su presencia casi inapreciable. Discusión La prescripción de AE presenta un porcentaje muy bajo comparando con los datos de AP. Este hecho se explica porque en AP se realiza la indicación de tratamiento hipolipemiante como profilaxis primaria de eventos cardiovasculares, mientras que en AE se realiza, habitualmente, en la prevención secundaria. Conclusión Con los datos obtenidos podemos concluir que los hipolipemientes son un grupo de medicamentos muy importantes dentro de la terapéutica actual cuya prescripción total sigue aumentando a pesar de las políticas encaminadas a la contención del gasto farmacéutico. El control de las dislipemias se realiza fundamentalmente desde atención primaria

Procedimiento para la fabricación a temperatura ambiente de micro y nanofibras de lignina y otros compuestos resinosos

Procedimiento para la fabricación a temperatura ambiente de micro y nanofibras de lignina y otros compuestos resinosos. La presente invención describe un procedimiento que permite el hilado a temperatura ambiente de ligninas procedentes de procesos de extracción tipo Alcell y Organosolv. Se describe también el procedimiento y dispositivo para fabricar a temperatura ambiente, fibras de lignina, de diámetro micro y nanométrico, mediante electrospinning y co-electrospinning. Las fibras obtenidas pueden ser simples (electrospinning) y huecas o coaxiales (coelectrospinning). Las fibras de lignina se transforman en nanofibras de carbono después de un tratamiento térmico apropiadoEspañ

Electrospinning as a route to advanced carbon fibre materials for selected low-temperature electrochemical devices: a review

Electrospinning has been proven as a highly versatile fabrication method for producing nano-structured fibres with controllable morphology, of both the fibres themselves and the void structure of the mats. Additionally, it is possible to use heteroatom doped polymers or to include catalytic precursors in the electrospinning solution to control the surface properties of the fibres. These factors make it an ideal method for the production of electrodes and flow media for a variety of electrochemical devices, enabling reduction in mass transport and activation overpotentials and therefore increasing efficiency. Moreover, the use of biomass as a polymer source has recently gained attention for the ability to embed sustainable principles in the materials of electrochemical devices, complementing their ability to allow an increase in the use of renewable electricity via their application. In this review, the historical and recent developments of electrospun materials for application in redox flow batteries, fuel cells, metal air batteries and supercapacitors are thoroughly reviewed, including an overview of the electrospinning process and a guide to best practice. Finally, we provide an outlook for the emerging use of this process in the field of electrochemical energy devices with the hope that the combination of tailored microstructure, surface functionality and computer modelling will herald a new era of bespoke functional materials that can significantly improve the performance of the devices in which they are used

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Moralische Urteilskompetenz und Ansichten als Moderatoren von Entscheidungen bezüglich Krieg, durch Präferenzen von Rahmenbedingungen und Argumenten zum Irak Krieg

This dissertation reports on research based on an experimental questionnaire designed using the theoretical validity, logic and the basic structure of the moral judgment test (MJT) Lind (1985). The study aimed at understanding how respondents attitude bias and/or capacity to rely on internal moral principles contributed to rejecting or accepting political arguments in favor of and against a preemptive war with Iraq in 2003. -An experimental questionnaire examined factors, which respondents may have relied on in their acceptance of the arguments. It consisted of three components: 1) A brief vignette, 2) Respondents own agreement with the need for the war and, 3) Twelve arguments from political speeches - Six by Bush and Blair in favor of (Pro,) and six by Chirac and Schroeder against (Con) the need for the Iraq war. Each argument was pre-scored using Kohlberg s (1984) stage theory and Common s (2004) Hierarchical Complexity Scoring System (HCSS). The details in each argument sentence were pre-scored using Kempf s (2003) Cognitive Escalation and De-Escalation Model (CEDM). -397 respondents responded using seven-point Likert scales. They rated their own orientation bias by whether they disagreed or agreed with the need for the war. For each argument they also rated: Whether they would have rejected or accepted the main point of each argument as measure of acceptance, whether it seemed illusory or realistic as a measure of subjective validity and whether it evoked destructive or constructive feelings as a measure of subjective comfort. -Data analysis aimed first, at the probability that within subject design factors were significant and relevant in predicting respondents aggregate acceptance of arguments. Second, at the probability that moderations by moral judgment competence and/or attitude bias as between subject factors were significant and relevant. -The analysis applied tests of covariance parameter estimates for Hierarchical Linear Models (HLM) proposed by Bryk & Raudenbush (1992) with Maximum Likelihood (ML), through the equation (1 model covariance/intercept covariance). Acceptance for significance was set at probability level, p Both significant and relevant findings confirmed expectations consistent with theoretical formulations in the research design. They confirmed the theoretical validity of differences in moral judgment competence as defined by sensitivity to stage and the logic of the experimental design. They validated expectations for cognitive escalation and de-escalation details in conflict theory. They confirmed expected formulations of value in rational theory. Unexpected variations were explained using heuristics postulated in cumulative prospect theory by Tversky and Kahneman, (2000). Significant and relevant findings identified moderation of preference by two independent but inseparable aspects in competent decision-making: Respondents attitude or orientation bias and respondents capacity to rely on internal principles. -Suggestions for further research include a stage model formulated to represent the relationship between orientation bias and reasoning as inseparable, but distinct aspects of decisional-competence