Firm level effects of COVID state aid in Italy

This Master Thesis investigates the impact of COVID-19 state aid measures (COVID aid) on firm performance in Italy, with a focus on employment, turnover, profitability, and profit margin. Using a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach, the study compares firms that received COVID-19 aid with those that did not receive any state aid during the analyzed period. The results demonstrate that COVID state aid significantly improved firm performance metrics post 2020, highlighting the aid’s role in helping businesses navigate the turbulence of the pandemic. The findings highlight the critical importance of targeted state interventions in maintaining employment and improving economic resilience during crises

Fungal entomopathogens: new insights on their ecology

An important mechanism for insect pest control should be the use of fungal entomopathogens. Even though these organisms have been studied for more than 100 y, their effective use in the field remains elusive. Recently, however, it has been discovered that many of these entomopathogenic fungi play additional roles in nature. They are endophytes, antagonists of plant pathogens, associates with the rhizosphere, and possibly even plant growth promoting agents. These findings indicate that the ecological role of these fungi in the environment is not fully understood and limits our ability to employ them successfully for pest management. In this paper, we review the recently discovered roles played by many entomopathogenic fungi and propose new research strategies focused on alternate uses for these fungi. It seems likely that these agents can be used in multiple roles in protecting plants from pests and diseases and at the same time promoting plant growth

Prospects for microbial control in West Africa

The prospects for development of microbial control in West Africa are bright, with many stakeholders in plant protection both within and beyond the region becoming increasingly interested. To date however, on the West African market, there are only two microbial products available, and many opportunities remain to be fully explored. Apart from commercially oriented pathways, alternative methods of pathogen propagation and implementation are being studied, to serve the needs of those agricultural sectors which do not provide sufficient profit margins, such as the mainly traditional subsistence systems. Several groups are developing common regional registration frameworks for pesticides, and the need for adapted regulations and guidelines for microbial products is being addressed. This is a strong opportunity for creating a framework which does not only promote commercial products, but also alternative implementation pathways

Development and commercialization of the green muscle biopesticide

Locusts are the most feared pests of farmers living around the world’s major deserts. Millions of liters of environmentally damaging pesticides are sprayed over vast areas of land to control them and their grasshopper cousins. This paper tells the life history of the LUBILOSA (Lutte Biologique contre les Locustes et Sauteriaux) project, set up in 1989, and the development of a biological pesticide which kills locusts and grasshoppers without harming the environment. Commercial manufacture and real adoption has begun, although the benefits have yet to pay for the US$15 million spent on the project. The project has had some major spin-offs including the development of a similar biopesticide in Australia, and the development of biopesticides to control termites. Good science alone has by no means been the only ingredient of the success so far. One crucial factor has been the willingness of donors to provide funding for the 10 years of research and development often required to turn basic research into a useful product. A second factor is the early forging of partnerships between donors, several research institutes, national agricultural research and extension systems (NARES), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), private sector companies, and farmers that has ensured that sufficient expertise was available when needed. A by- product of this collaboration is the creation of a “constituency of support” around Green Muscle® and it is this constituency which, more than anything, will determine the eventual impact and return on investment of the LUBILOSA project. This is because the eventual level of sales of Green Muscle depends on the correction of the market failure whereby the human and environmental health costs of spraying chemical pesticides are not charged to the purchaser. Policy change is required to correct this and it is in the constituency’s power to bring about this policy change. LUBILOSA project management and donors have shown themselves very aware of this reality by proposing and funding a “stewardship” phase for the project to both lobby the constituency and keep it together during the early adoption 4 phase, as well as to ensure a seamless transfer of researcher knowledge about Green Muscle to the private sector manufacturers. The need for product “stewardship” or “championing” has long been recognized in the private sector but has been absent from a research world which has attempted, until recently, to separate “upstream” basic research from “downstream” adaptive research and extension. Product championing may well be essential for creating and cementing synergies between the public and private sectors and between scientific “knowledge” and practical “know-how”

Effects of rehydration on the conidial viability of Metarhizium flavoviride mycopesticide formulations

The rehydration of dried conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride was investigated in an attempt to increase speed of kill of locusts and grasshoppers by formulations of this fungus. Conidia were dried to 4-5% moisture content with no apparent adverse effects on viability, but rapid rehydration (by putting dried conidia directly in free water) reduced viability. Rehydration in an atmosphere of high humidity allowed dry conidia to absorb sufficient moisture to avoid imbibition damage. Rehydrating and pre-germinating conidia prior to spraying (in an oil-based formulation) on to the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, did not decrease the time to death, suggesting that moisture uptake by dry conidia on the desert locust cuticle is easily achieved