Comprensión lectora: baterías y técnicas para su evaluación

Treball Final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Primària. Codi: MP1040. Curs acadèmic: 2016/2017En la actualidad, la lectura es el proceso por el cual, el ser humano adquiere conocimiento, contrasta información o plasma sus propios pensamientos. Por ello, la competencia lectora es la capacidad para dar sentido a los textos y para usarlos con diferentes finalidades. Para dicha adquisición de conocimientos mediante los diferentes tipos de textos, el ser humano tiene que tener una desarrollada competencia lectora, puesto que, si existen deficiencias en algún proceso de la competencia: descifrado de letras, comprensión o en el procesamiento. El lector tendrá dificultades para exprimir toda la información posible de un texto. Para evitar esas deficiencias, es muy importante, no pasar por alto la enseñanza de todos los procesos cognitivos que intervienen en la lectura. Estando pendientes para prevenir cualquier dificultad y corregirla antes de que el alumno/a se incorpore a la educación secundaria. Puesto que, en un centro secundario no se presta atención a la potenciación de la competencia lectora. La existencia de pruebas estandarizadas a nivel mundial como PIRLS y PISA focaliza más el valor de la competencia lectora en el mundo, porque consideran que saber leer es mucho más que saber reconocer grafías y palabras. Como plasmó Cassany, Luna y Sanz (1994:193) “la lectura es uno de los aprendizajes más importantes, indiscutidos e indiscutibles… ¡Son tantas las cosas obligatorias que solamente se pueden hacer leyendo y escribiendo! Burocracia, leyes, trabajo, ocio o vivienda”

Asymmetric pentafulvene carbometalation-access to enantiopure titanocene dichlorides of biological relevance

Unprecedented asymmetric copper-catalyzed addition of ZnEt2 (ZnBu2) to the exocyclic C[DOUBLE BOND]C bond of pentafulvenes C5H4([DOUBLE BOND]CHAr) (Ar=2-MeOPh and related species) results in enantiomerically enriched (up to 93:7 e.r.) cyclopentadienyl ligands (C5H4CHEtAr; abbreviated CpR). Copper catalyst promotion with both chiral phosphoramidite ligands and a phosphate additive is vital in realizing both acceptable enantioselectivities and reaction rates. Enantiomeric CpR2TiCl2 complexes have been prepared; the (S,S) isomer is twice as active towards pancreatic, breast, and colon cancer cell lines as its (R,R) enantiomer at 24 h

The emergence of Pd-mediated reversible oxidative addition in cross coupling, carbohalogenation and carbonylation reactions

Exploiting the reversibility of chemical processes is a long-standing tactic of organic chemists, and permeates most areas of the discipline. The notion that oxidative addition of Pd(0) to Ar–X bonds can be considered an irreversible process has been challenged, periodically, over the last 30 years. Recent examples of methodologies that harness the reversibility of oxidative addition reactions in catalytic processes have enabled access to challenging carbocyclic and heterocyclic scaffolds. This Perspective seeks to describe the development of these processes from the early proof-of-principle findings, and highlight key challenges that remain in this avenue of research. In particular, we draw attention to significant deficiencies that remain in the choice of suitable ligands and additives for these transformations. We conclude by describing how the concept of reversible oxidative addition has recently been exploited in the development of novel carbonylation reactions

Visible-Light-Mediated Deaminative Three-Component Dicarbofunctionalization of Styrenes with Benzylic Radicals

The visible-light-mediated three-component dicarbofunctionalization of styrenes using simple benzylic radicals is described. Notably, this work describes a rare example of undirected dicarbofunctionalization using unsubstituted benzyl radicals. Key to the success of this strategy was the rational design and use of benzylic pyridinium salts as radical precursors. Using this approach, abundant styrenes, electron-rich heterocycles, and benzylic amines were combined to rapidly afford a number of densely functionalized 1,1-diarylalkanes. A dipeptide-derived pyridinium salt was applied in this transformation, which resembles a visible-light-mediated deaminative generation of radicals from peptides

Visible-Light-Mediated Deaminative Three-Component Dicarbofunctionalization of Styrenes with Benzylic Radicals

The visible-light-mediated three-component dicarbofunctionalization of styrenes using simple benzylic radicals is described. Notably, this work describes a rare example of undirected dicarbofunctionalization using unsubstituted benzyl radicals. Key to the success of this strategy was the rational design and use of benzylic pyridinium salts as radical precursors. Using this approach, abundant styrenes, electron-rich heterocycles, and benzylic amines were combined to rapidly afford a number of densely functionalized 1,1-diarylalkanes. A dipeptide-derived pyridinium salt was applied in this transformation, which resembles a visible-light-mediated deaminative generation of radicals from peptides

Ethyl 1,3,10,12-tetra­phenyl-19,20-dioxa­hexa­cyclo­[10.6.1.13,10.02,11.04,9.013,18]icosa-4(9),5,7,13(18),14,16-hexa­ene-2-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C45H34O4, is the product of a tandem ‘pincer’ Diels–Alder reaction consisting of two consecutive [4 + 2] cyclo­additions between two 2-benzofuran units and ethyl propiolate. The mol­ecule comprises a fused hexa­cyclic system containing four five-membered rings, which are in the usual envelope conformation, and two six-membered rings. In addition, four phenyl rings are attached to the hexa­cyclic system. The packing is stabilized by C—H⋯π inter­actions

Methyl Complexes of the Transition Metals

Organometallic chemistry can be considered as a wide area of knowledge that combines concepts of classic organic chemistry, that is, based essentially on carbon, with molecular inorganic chemistry, especially with coordination compounds. Transition-metal methyl complexes probably represent the simplest and most fundamental way to view how these two major areas of chemistry combine and merge into novel species with intriguing features in terms of reactivity, structure, and bonding. Citing more than 500 bibliographic references, this review aims to offer a concise view of recent advances in the field of transition-metal complexes containing M-CH fragments. Taking into account the impressive amount of data that are continuously provided by organometallic chemists in this area, this review is mainly focused on results of the last five years. After a panoramic overview on M-CH compounds of Groups 3 to 11, which includes the most recent landmark findings in this area, two further sections are dedicated to methyl-bridged complexes and reactivity.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Projects CTQ2010–15833, CTQ2013-45011 - P and Consolider - Ingenio 2010 CSD2007 - 00006Junta de Andalucía FQM - 119, Projects P09 - FQM - 5117 and FQM - 2126EU 7th Framework Program, Marie Skłodowska - Curie actions C OFUND – Agreement nº 26722

Alternative splicing of coq-2 controls the levels of rhodoquinone in animals

Parasitic helminths use two benzoquinones as electron carriers in the electron transport chain. In normoxia, they use ubiquinone (UQ), but in anaerobic conditions inside the host, they require rhodoquinone (RQ) and greatly increase RQ levels. We previously showed the switch from UQ to RQ synthesis is driven by a change of substrates by the polyprenyltransferase COQ-2 (Del Borrello et al., 2019; Roberts Buceta et al., 2019); however, the mechanism of substrate selection is not known. Here, we show helminths synthesize two coq-2 splice forms, coq-2a and coq-2e, and the coq-2e-specific exon is only found in species that synthesize RQ. We show that in Caenorhabditis elegans COQ-2e is required for efficient RQ synthesis and survival in cyanide. Importantly, parasites switch from COQ-2a to COQ-2e as they transit into anaerobic environments. We conclude helminths switch from UQ to RQ synthesis principally via changes in the alternative splicing of coq-2.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e InnovaciónCanadian Institutes of Health Researc

Alternative splicing of coq-2 controls the levels of rhodoquinone in animals

Parasitic helminths use two benzoquinones as electron carriers in the electron transport chain. In normoxia, they use ubiquinone (UQ), but in anaerobic conditions inside the host, they require rhodoquinone (RQ) and greatly increase RQ levels. We previously showed the switch from UQ to RQ synthesis is driven by a change of substrates by the polyprenyltransferase COQ-2 (Del Borrello et al., 2019; Roberts Buceta et al., 2019); however, the mechanism of substrate selection is not known. Here, we show helminths synthesize two coq-2 splice forms, coq-2a and coq-2e, and the coq-2e-specific exon is only found in species that synthesize RQ. We show that in Caenorhabditis elegans COQ-2e is required for efficient RQ synthesis and survival in cyanide. Importantly, parasites switch from COQ-2a to COQ-2e as they transit into anaerobic environments. We conclude helminths switch from UQ to RQ synthesis principally via changes in the alternative splicing of coq-2.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e InnovaciónCanadian Institutes of Health Researc

1-[2-(4-Nitro­phen­yl)-5-(5-phenyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­quinolin-4-yl]pyrrolidin-2-one monohydrate

The title compound, C28H24N4O4·H2O, crystallizes with two organic mol­ecules and two solvent water mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The most obvious difference between the mol­ecules is the torsion angles between the isoxazole ring and the benzene and phenyl rings [47.0 (2)/56.4 (2) and 33.3 (2)/11.0 (2)°, respectively]. Another important difference is observed in the rotation of the nitro group with respect to the phenyl groups [3.5 (6) and 31.1 (6)°]. The pyrrolidinone fragment is cis oriented with respect to the 4-nitro­phenyl fragment. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric R 4 2(8) and R 4 4(20) motifs by O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O inter­actions