Dos perspectivas para la lógica condicional

Existen en la literatura sobre el tema de condicionales, distintos tipos de propuestas clasificatorias. Se puede encontrar por ejemplo, una clasificación que divide a los condicionales entre condicionales subjuntivos o contrafácticos y condicionales indicativos. Más recientemente otra de las clasificaciones propuestas es aquella que distingue entre condicionales epistémicos y condicionales ónticos. En mi articulo "Condicionales indicativos y condicionales epistémicos" intenté defender la siguiente tesis

La filosofía de la lógica y el razonamiento del sentido común

En este trabajo se intenta avanzar en marcar la importación de ampliar el ámbito temático de la filosofía de la lógica a cuestiones inherentes al desarrollo de nuevas lógicas provenientes de la IA que tematizan el razonamiento del sentido común

Non-monotonic Selection Issues in Electoral Regression Discontinuity Designs

The Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) has become a popular method for program evaluation in recent years. While it is compelling in its simplicity and requires little in terms of a priori assumptions, it is vulnerable to bias introduced by self-selection into treatment or control group. The purpose of this article is to discuss the issue of non-monotonic self-selection, by which similar numbers of individuals select into and out of treatment simultaneously. This kind of selection has not been discussed in detail so far in the literature, and can be hard to detect with the commonly used methods for data-driven RDD specification testing. The focus of this article lies on selection in the context of close elections, since those are popular natural experiments for RDD applications, and because in this context the issue of non-monotonic selection is rarely considered in practise. I will present a slightly modified approach to specification testing, designed to detect non-monotonic self selection and based on the density test by McCrary (2008). In order to demonstrate how RDDs can be affected by the issue, two existing RDD applications are analysed with respect to non-monotonic sorting. In the first, this article follows up and expands on the remarks made by Caughey & Sekhon (2011) about selection issues in the well known RDD application by D. Lee (2008). The second application is based on the Mexican mayoral election RDD by Dell (2015)

Condicionales, nomonotonía y primitivos pragmáticos

El uso de métodos formales para el tratamiento de las expresiones condicionales, ha sido objeto de estudio de disciplinas como la lógica y la Inteligencia Artificial (lA). En cuanto a la primera, una de las maneras usuales definir el propósito de las las lógicas condicionales, es postular que se ocupan del estudio de la teoria de la prueba y la semántica para los condicionales del lenguaje natural. Desde la comunidad de la IA se han formado sistemas que permiten reflejar las propiedades de los llamados razonamtentos nomonótonos en términos de un sistema de lógica condicional. El tipo de condicionales asociados a esta clase de razonamientos es el de los llamados condicionales derrotables

La dimensión pragmática del problema de las constantes lógicas

Nuestro propósito en este trabajo será el de tratar de esclarecer en qué sentido el problema de las constantes lógicas parece involucrar una dimensión pragmática y cómo el reconocimiento de la necesidad de tener en cuenta esta dimensión, podría de alguna manera involucrar o presuponer un cierto tipo de concepción acerca de qué es la lógica

Rising wage inequality in Germany: increasing heterogeneity and changing selection into full-time work

This study revisits the increase in wage inequality in Germany. Accounting for changes in various sets of observables, composition changes explain a large part of the increase in wage inequality among full-time workers. The composition effects are larger for females than for males, and increasingly heterogenous labor market histories play an important role. Furthermore, we find strong effects of education for males and strong effects of age and experience for females. Changes in industry and occupation explain fairly little. Extending the analysis to total employment confirms the basic findings, while revealing substantial negative selection into part-time work

Accuracy of SenseWear Pro2 armband to predict resting energy expenditure in childhood obesity.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluate the accuracy of the SenseWear Pro2 Armband (SWA) in estimating resting energy expenditure (REE) in children and adolescents with obesity, using indirect calorimetry (IC) as a reference. DESIGN AND METHODS: REE was assessed using both the SWA and IC in 40 obese subjects (26 M/14 F, age 11.5±2.57 years, z-score BMI 3.14±0.53). The agreement between methods was assessed by the Bland-Altman procedure. The relationship between REE assessments and patients' characteristics was also analyzed. RESULTS: SWA- and IC-derived estimates of REE showed a significant correlation (r=0.614; P<0.001), but the SWA overestimated mean REE by 13% (P<0.001). Age and kg of fat-free mass (kgFFM) were significantly correlated with both REE estimation by SWA (r=0.434 and r=0.564; respectively) and IC (r=0.401 and r=0.518; respectively). Only kgFFM was demonstrated to be the main predictor factor of REE variability (r2 79% SWA; 75% IC). CONCLUSIONS: The SWA overestimated mean REE in childhood obesity, suggesting that the SWA and IC are not yet interchangeable methods. This would require improving the SWA by developing better algorithms for predicting REE and, probably, bias in each individual REE could be reduced by an adjustment for subjects' kgFFM

Skeletal muscle oxidative function in vivo and ex vivo in athletes with marked hypertrophy from resistance training

Oxidative function during exercise was evaluated in 11 young athletes with marked skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by long-term resistance training (RTA, body mass 102.67.3 kg, meanSD) and 11 controls (CTRL, body mass 77.86.0). Pulmonary O2 uptake (V\u27O2) and vastus lateralis muscle fractional O2 extraction (by near-infrared spectroscopy) were determined during an incremental cycle ergometer (CE) and one-leg knee-extension (KE) exercise. Mitochondrial respiration was evaluated ex vivo by high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized vastus lateralis fibers obtained by biopsy. Quadriceps femoris muscle cross sectional area, volume (determined by magnetic resonance imaging) and strength were greater in RTA vs. CTRL (by ~40%, ~33% and ~20%, respectively). V\u27O2peak during CE was higher in RTA vs. CTRL (4.050.64 L min-1 vs. 3.560.30)no difference between groups was observed during KE. The O2 cost of CE exercise was not different between groups. When divided per muscle mass (for CE) or quadriceps muscle mass (for KE) V\u27O2peak was lower (by 15-20%) in RTA vs. CTRL. Vastus lateralis fractional O2 extraction was lower in RTA vs. CTRL at all work rates, both during CE and KE. RTA had higher ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration (56.723.7 pmolO2s-1mg-1 ww) vs. CTRL (35.710.2), and a tighter coupling of oxidative phosphorylation. In RTA the greater muscle mass and maximal force, and the enhanced mitochondrial respiration seem to compensate for the hypertrophy-induced impaired peripheral O2 diffusion. The net results are an enhanced whole body oxidative function at peak exercise, and unchanged efficiency and O2 cost at submaximal exercise, despite a much greater body mas

Changing selection into full-time work and its effect on wage inequality in Germany

To explore whether changes in the selection into full-time work among German men were a driver in the rise in wage inequality since the mid-1990s, we propose a modification of selection-corrected quantile regressions. Addressing Huber and Melly’s (J Appl Econom 30(7):1144–1168, 2015) concerns, this modification allows us to estimate the effects of selection with respect to both observables and unobservables. Our findings show that those employed in 1995 would have had lower wages in 2010 than those employed in 2010 and wage dispersion would have been higher, suggesting that full-time workers have become less heterogeneous over time.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)Peer Reviewe