Mechanism of Fiscal in Great Britain and Poland in 2001–2013

Wadliwe mechanizmy funkcji przedstawionych w artykule, bez wątpienia, są bardzo ważne, szczególnie w warunkach kryzysu. Recesja nie tylko pokazała dysfunkcyjność tych działań, ale wykazała także niewłaściwe funkcjonowanie głównych instytucji, przede wszystkim Banku Centralnego Wielkiej Brytanii. Zastrzeżenia dotyczące BC dotyczą dwóch obszarów działalności. To opóźnienia przy standardowej akcji w polityce pieniężnej, które nawiązują przede wszystkim do polityki stóp procentowych w obliczu kryzysu gospodarczego, a także zwlekanie w wykorzystaniu niestandardowych mechanizmów, które składały się na nowe doświadczenia ilościowe polityki pieniężnej w obliczu kryzysu finansowego.Defective mechanisms of function presented in the article, without a doubt are a very important cause of its weaknesses, especially in the crisis conditions. Recession not only showed dysfunctional of these mechanisms, but also improper function of main institutions, primarily the Central Bank in Great Britain. Objections regarding this institution concern two areas of action. That is, delays in taking standard action in the monetary policy, concerning above all politics of interest rates in face of an economic crisis, as well as delays in taking custom action that consisted on quantitative relive of monetary policy in face of the financial crisis

Households as a Source of Real Estate Financing in Great Britain in 2001–2013 Years

Na gospodarstwach domowych odcisnęły swoje piętno problemy, które pojawiły się na rynkach finansowych i rynkach akcji. Konsekwencją kryzysu finansowego dla gospodarstw domowych były ograniczenia w udzielaniu kredytów przez banki oraz nagły wzrost cen nowych kredytów. Recesja, która powstała na rynkach akcji, zmniejszyła możliwości osiągnięcia dochodów inwestycyjnych. Szybkie załamanie rynku obligacji i akcji spowodowało ogromne straty dla osób inwestujących. Gospodarstwa domowe stanowią jedną z grup aktywnych inwestorów indywidualnych, ale z drugiej strony są uczestnikami funduszy inwestycyjnych. Oszczędności gospodarstw domowych były zdeponowane na giełdzie, więc w recesji straciły pieniądze – bezpośrednio lub za pośrednictwem funduszy inwestycyjnych.Households had to deal with problems that arise from the financial institutions and stock markets problems. A consequence of financial crisis on households was restriction in granting credits by the banks as well as sudden rise in prices of new credits. Another visible by households a consequence of recession was the collapse of stock market and institutions operating on this market. Recession destabilized the stock markets, thus reduced possibilities to achieve investment incomes. Quick collapse of the bond and shares market resulted in a huge losses to investors. Households form one of active groups of individual investors, however from the other side they are participants in investment funds. Household savings were deposited on the stock market, and at the time of stock market collapse the households lost money which were directed to stock market directly or through investment funds

Vocational chaplaincy as the vocation of today’s pastoral work

Bp Wiesław Lechowicz, Tarnów‘Vocation‘ and ‘pastoral work‘ are the two key terms that determine the character and activity of the Church. Vocational chaplaincy belongs to the nature of the Church and should be one of its main aspects. It illustrates the idea of the Church as a Mother, constantly opening itself to God’s intention to give birth to new life within it. The vocational character of the Church is expressed in the very etymology of the word ‘Ecclesia‘, which means ‘the congregation of the chosen‘ (by Jesus). John Paul II called the Church mysterium vocationis. The mystery of ecclesiastical vocation is being revealed and fulfilled in pastoral work, which is an organized activity. Its main aspects are preaching the Word of God, administering of the sacraments, living in a religious community and being witnesses of Christian life. Thus the very idea of pastoral work is defined by its vocational character

Adaptation of the LIGNUM model for simulations of growth and light response in Jack pine

LIGNUM is a whole tree model, developed for Pinus sylvestris in Finland, that combines tree metabolism with a realistic spatial distribution of morphological parts. We hypothesize that its general concepts, which include the pipe model, functional balance, yearly carbon budget, and a set of architectural growth rules, are applicable to all trees. Adaptation of the model to Pinus banksiana, a widespread species of economic importance in North America, is demonstrated. Conversion of the model to Jack pine entailed finding new values for 16 physiological and morphological parameters, and three growth functions. Calibration of the LIGNUM Jack pine model for open grown trees up to 15 years of age was achieved by matching crown appearance and structural parameters (height, foliage biomass, aboveground biomass) with those of real trees. A sensitivity study indicated that uncertainty in the photosynthesis and respiration parameters will primarily cause changes to the net annual carbon gain, which can be corrected through calibration of the growth rate. The effect of a decrease in light level on height, biomass, total tree branch length, and productivity were simulated and compared with field data. Additional studies yielded insight into branch pruning, carbon allocation patterns, crown structure, and carbon stress. We discuss the value of the LIGNUM model as a tool for understanding tree growth and survival dynamics in natural and managed forests

Modelling fish habitat preference with a genetic algorithm-optimized Takagi-Sugeno model based on pairwise comparisons

Species-environment relationships are used for evaluating the current status of target species and the potential impact of natural or anthropogenic changes of their habitat. Recent researches reported that the results are strongly affected by the quality of a data set used. The present study attempted to apply pairwise comparisons to modelling fish habitat preference with Takagi-Sugeno-type fuzzy habitat preference models (FHPMs) optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA). The model was compared with the result obtained from the FHPM optimized based on mean squared error (MSE). Three independent data sets were used for training and testing of these models. The FHPMs based on pairwise comparison produced variable habitat preference curves from 20 different initial conditions in the GA. This could be partially ascribed to the optimization process and the regulations assigned. This case study demonstrates applicability and limitations of pairwise comparison-based optimization in an FHPM. Future research should focus on a more flexible learning process to make a good use of the advantages of pairwise comparisons

Evaluation of deformation and strength parameters of organic soils for the design of geotechnical structures

The evaluation of deformation and strength parameters of Holocene organic soils obtained from DMT dilatometer tests based on empirical relationships and ANN Artificial Neural Networks is presented. The evaluation of undrained shear strength τfu, deformation modulus E0.1% and initial shear modulus G0 of Eemian organic soils obtained from DMT dilatometer tests and SDMT seismic dilatometer tests is given, and then its comparison with the values obtained from triaxial tests for the design of underground structures supported by diaphragm walls of the stations of the underground line II in Warsaw, is shown

Eco-evolutionary dynamics in fragmented landscapes

Peer reviewedPostprin

Diazepam and its metabolites in the mothers' and newborns' hair as a biomarker of prenatal exposure

Pregnant women are exposed to benzodiazepines for therapeutic purposes during gestation. The goal of this study was to evaluate prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines. Time of exposure during course of pregnancy is a significant aspect of fetal exposure to drugs. Benzodiazepine concentration assay in hair of mothers and newborns exposed prenatally to these drugs was performed in the studies. Development, validation and evaluation of benzodiazepine determination method in mothers and their newborns enables assessment of health risks for the child and implementation of adequate therapeutic procedures. We used A LC-ESI-MS/MS method that allowed determination of diazepam (the main benzodiazepine used by pregnant women was diazepam) and its metabolites (nordazepam, oxazepam) in hair of mothers and newborns. LOQ 10 pg/mg of hair was used in the study. Results: concentration of nordazepam was higher than parent drug (diazepam) and higher in newborns’ hair when compared to mothers’. The mean concentrations of diazepam in mothers’ hair were 31.6±36.0 and 34.1±42.4 pg/mg in the second and third trimester of pregnancy respectively. The mean concentration of diazepam in newborns’ hair was higher and reached levels of 53.3±36.5 pg/mg. The mean concentration of nordazepam in the mothers’ hair corresponding to the second and third trimester was 52.9±48.1 and 89.9±122.8 pg/mg, respectively. Nordazepam in the newborns’ hair was detected at the mean level of 108.1±144.2 pg/mg. It was concluded that diazepam and nordazepam are permanently incorporated into the hair structure. Presence of diazepam and its metabolites in newborn’s hair confirms that these benzodiazepines permeate placental barrier. Segmental analysis of mothers’ hair enabled the assessment of drug administration time. Diazepam and its metabolites determined in hair of newborns may serve as biomarkers of prenatal exposure to these drugs. The performed LC-MS/MS analysis was accurate enough to determine even low concentrations of benzodiazepines, at the level of few pg/mg of hair. Levels of diazepam detected in hair of newborns were higher than levels determined in mothers. This may confirm the fact, that fetus’s ability to metabolize diazepam is scarce. Nordazepam was found in higher concentrations in hair of newborns than in hair of mothers, which may suggest that it is cumulated in child’s organism. Other metabolites of diazepam - oxazepam and temazepam - were detected in very few cases, in low concentrations

Quantitative and qualitative effects of a severe ice storm on an old-growth beech-maple forest

ArticleCANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE. 37(3):598-606(2007)journal articl