DAMPAK PROYEK PERBAIKAN PERUMAHAN DAN PEMUKIMAN PERDESAAN TERHADAP PERILAKU MASYARAKAT DALAM MEMBANGUN RUMAH DI KECAMATAN BATU PUTIH KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH SELATAN

ABSTRAK Program perbaikan perumahan dan permukiman perdesaan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah di Kecamatan Batu Putih Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan bertujuan untuk penataan daerah permukiman, meningkatkan taraf hidup dan kesehatan masyarakat perdesaan dan pengentasan kemiskinan dengan mendorong pengembangan pereko-nomian, sosial dan budaya secara terpadu, efektif dan efisien. Pasca pelaksanaan dari suatu proyek terhadap masyarakat selalu mendatangkan dampak, baik mereka yang langsung maupun tidak langsung merasakannya. Indikasi adanya dampak pasca pelaksanaan proyek terhadap perilaku masyarakat dalam membangun rumah, fungsi lahan, sosial-ekonomi dan budaya masyarakat. Fenomena yang disebutkan di atas menjadi dasar dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan kegiatan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji bagaimana dampak dari pelaksanaan Proyek Perbaikan Perumahan dan Permukiman Perdesaan terhadap perilaku masyarakat dalam membangun rumah di Kecamatan Batu Putih Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan. Sedangkan sasarannya mengidentifikasi proyek tersebut, sebaran dan tipologi rumah sebelum maupun pasca proyek, serta menganalisis dampak terhadap perilaku masyarakat dalam membangun rumah, perubahan guna lahan, aktivitas sosial, dan ekonomi serta budaya masyarakat. Keluarannya merupakan rekomendasi mengenai arahan dan usulan perbaikan pelaksanaan proyek di masa yang akan datang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif, melalui analisis kuantitatif yang didukung dengan analisis kualitatif. Analisis kuantitatif dilakukan dengan cara Distribusi Frekuensi. Hasil analisis didapati bahwa dampak setelah pelaksanaan proyek menyebabkan perilaku masyarakat membangun rumah banyak dipengaruhi oleh ekonomi keluarga, lingkungan sosial-budaya, dan motifasi untuk mendapat bantuan. Demikian juga terjadi perubahan hubungan sosial-budaya masyarakat pasca pelaksanan proyek. Selain itu didapati ada empat tipologi rumah yang dibangun oleh masyarakat yaitu: rumah darurat, semi permanen, permanen dan model rumah bantuan. Demikian juga terjadi alih fungsi lahan untuk pertanian menjadi permukiman. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian bahwa Proyek tersebut memberikan dampak terhadap: (1) Perilaku masyarakat dalam membangun rumah, kualitas hidup, kehidupan sosial-ekonomi; (2) Alih fungsi lahan dari sawah atau kebun menjadi permukiman; (3) Kualitas lingkungan permukiman perdesaan; (4) Perubahan kehidupan sosial budaya masyarakat; (5) Kebutuhan akan prasarana dasar permukiman lainnya setelah kebutuhan akan rumah terpenuhi. Sedangkan rekomendasi dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) Dampak dari proyek ini sangat berarti bagi masyarakat perdesaan dan harapan kedepannya, proyek tersebut tetap dilaksanakan; (2) Pembangunan perumahan masyarakat perdesaan harus disertakan oleh pembangunan sarana prasarana dasar yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat seperti air bersih; (3) Perlu merubah mekanisme pelaksanaan proyek dari top down menjadi bottom-up atau perpaduan keduanya, serta dilakukan secara arif dan adil, pemberdayaan masyarakat lokal dan adat serta mengurangi bentuk proyek stimulan karena memiskinkan kreatifitas untuk membangun secara swadaya; (4) Melibatkan lembaga-lembaga yang berkaitan langsung dengan kehidupan masyarakat dalam mendukung pelaksanan suatu program pembangunan; (5) Pemerintah perlu mengontrol penggunaan lahan dan memberikan sanksi tegas bagi yang melanggarnya. Kata Kunci: Dampak Proyek, Perilaku Membangun Ruma

Diffusion of Original and Counterfeit Products in a Developing Country

We study the diffusion of original and counterfeit products in three distinct categories in a developing country. The focus is on when their diffusion processes peak, how sales of original and counterfeit products are related and how marketing efforts can influence this process. Using a unique data set for Suriname (South America) on televisions, mobile phones and DVDs, we can support various predictions from theory and give recommendations for marketing management.developing countries;diffusion;counterfeits

Diffusion of counterfeit medical products in a developing country: Empirical evidence for Suriname

Based on detailed shipping figures of Suriname’s main harbour in Paramaribo, we estimate the total shipments (in kilograms) of original and counterfeit medical products for 1996-2008 across five product categories. Using various time series techniques, we document that total cumulative shipments of counterfeit products eventually will make about 40% of total shipments. Correlation between the shipment series is on average 0.9, and there are no relevant leads or lags, implying that there are two distinct sets of consumers for original and for counterfeit products.

Diffusion of counterfeit medical products in a developing country: Empirical evidence for Suriname

Based on detailed shipping figures of Suriname’s main harbour in Paramaribo, we estimate the total shipments (in kilograms) of original and counterfeit medical products for 1996-2008 across five product categories. Using various time series techniques, we document that total cumulative shipments of counterfeit products eventually will make about 40% of total shipments. Correlation between the shipment series is on average 0.9, and there are no relevant leads or lags, implying that there are two distinct sets of consumers for original and for counterfeit products

Income, Cultural Norms and Purchases of Counterfeits

We conjecture that individual purchases of counterfeit products could be motivated by income and prices, but that another driver is cultural norms. To put the latter conjecture to an empirical test we make use of the unique situation of Surinamese people who live in Suriname and in the Netherlands and who might share the same norms and values but certainly not their respective income levels. Holding newly collected data from surveys amongst Surinamese individuals in the Netherlands and in Suriname against a control group of Dutch individuals in the Netherlands, we present evidence that cultural norms are indeed a key driver for purchases of counterfeit products. Implications for policy are discussed

Social cost considerations and legal constraints in implementing modular integrated utility systems

Social costs associated with the design, demonstration, and implementation of the Modular Integrated Utility System are considered including the social climate of communities, leadership patterns, conflicts and cleavages, specific developmental values, MIUS utility goal assessment, and the suitability of certian alternative options for use in a program of implementation. General considerations are discussed in the field of socio-technological planning. These include guidelines for understanding the conflict and diversity; some relevant goal choices and ideas useful to planners of the MIUS facility

Diffusion of Original and Counterfeit Products in a Developing Country

We study the diffusion of original and counterfeit products in three distinct categories in a developing country. The focus is on when their diffusion processes peak, how sales of original and counterfeit products are related and how marketing efforts can influence this process. Using a unique data set for Suriname (South America) on televisions, mobile phones and DVDs, we can support various predictions from theory and give recommendations for marketing management

Stable two-dimensional dumbbell stanene: A quantum spin Hall insulator

Under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY).-- et al.From density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation we predict a structure of stanene with dumbbell units (DBs), and show that it is a two-dimensional topological insulator with an inverted band gap which can be tuned by compressive strain. Furthermore, we propose that the boron nitride sheet and reconstructed (2x2) InSb(111) surfaces are ideal substrates for the experimental realization of DB stanene, maintaining its nontrivial topology. Combined with standard semiconductor technologies, such as magnetic doping and electrical gating, the quantum anomalous Hall effect, Chern half metallicity, and topological superconductivity can be realized in DB stanene on those substrates. These properties make the two-dimensional supported stanene a good platform for the study of quantum spin Hall insulators as well as other exotic quantum states of matter.We acknowledge support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grants No. 2011CB606405 and No. 2011CB921901) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11334006). A.R., S.C., and L.X. acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council Grant DYNamo (ERC-2010-AdG No. 267374) Spanish Grants (FIS2010-21282-C02-01), Grupos Consolidados UPV/EHU del Gobierno Vasco (IT578-13), and EC project CRONOS (280879-2 CRONOS CP-FP7.Peer Reviewe